WAVE

OPTICS
LECTURE
NO-2
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Arshpreet Kaur
Arshpreet Kaur
❏ Msc Physics ,Punjab University
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ORAL TEST
 LAWS OF
REFLECTION OF
PLANE WAVES
USING HUYGENS
PRINCIPLE
Laws of reflection
Incident ray Reflected ray

i r

1) The angle of incidence is equal to

the angle of reflection. ie.  i = r

2) The incident ray, reflected ray and

the normal to reflecting surface at a
point of incidence, all lie in the
same plane.

3) Incident and reflected rays lie on the

opposite sides of normal.
 Phenomenon of reflection

So, now lets us first

observe the phenomenon of reflection
using a plane wave front.
AR = PB = c × t

B
A¢¢

A B¢¢

R P

X Y
A¢ B¢
 Minimum conditions to get R
B A¢¢

A B¢¢

R P
ir
X Y
A ¢
B
¢

When
AR = PB Here ×we
t observe
=Acreaches XY at that
iB =reaches
point A, anglepoint
of incidence
P and
it has to cover additional distance PB
to reach XY
 B A¢¢

A B¢¢

R P
ir
X Y
A¢
B ¢

Since the medium remain the

same, the velocity of wave
remains the same.
 Minimum conditions to get R
B A¢¢

A B¢¢

R P
ir
X Y
A ¢
B ¢

 AR = PB
This implies
So, wethat distance
join the point B
Here we observe that
covered from A point
upto to R isRequal
to get a
r = angle of reflection
to distance covered fromfront.
plane wave P to
B
 Minimum conditions to get R
B A¢¢

A B¢¢

R P
ir
X Y
A ¢
B ¢

Now since the wave front is

perpendicular to the wave
normal,  R should be equal
to 900
 Minimum conditions to get R
B A¢¢

A B¢¢

R P
ir
X Y
A¢
B ¢

Minimum conditions to get R

i) R should be 900
ii) AR = PB
 Proof Now using PB’ = A’R draw a
semicircle using point A’ as
The reflected rays are
centre and PB’ as radius.
A¢A¢¢&B¢B¢¢

B A¢¢

A B¢¢
N1 M1
R
P
ir i

X Y
A
¢
B ¢
 Proof

B A¢¢

A B¢¢
N1 M1
R
P
ir i

X Y
A ¢
B
¢
  i=r This proves law of reflection.

B A¢¢

A B¢¢
N1 M1
R
P
ir i

X Y
A¢ B¢
2) The incident ray, reflected ray and the
normal to reflecting surface at point of
incidence, all lie in the same plane.
3) Incident and reflected rays lie
on the opposite sides of normal.

B A¢¢  i=r

A B¢¢
N1 M1
R
P
ir i

X Y
1. In same medium light travels with.............
a) different speed

b) constant speed

c) minimum speed

d) maximum speed
 2. Incident and reflected rays lie on
_____side of normal.

a) same

b) both

c) opposite

d) not defined
3. According to law of reflection, the
relation between incident angle (i)
and the reflected angle (r) is given as
..........
a) i ¹ r

b) i > r

c) i < r

d) i = r
 4. Plane wave front on reflection
gives.............

a) spherical wave front

b) cylindrical wave front

c) plane wave front

d) none of above
 LAWS OF
REFRACTION
OF PLANE
WAVES USING
HUYGENS
PRINCIPLE
 Laws of refraction :

1) For a given medium, ratio of sine of

angle of incidence to sine of angle of
refraction is given by,
sin i Snell’s Law
n = sin r
 Laws of refraction :

2) Incident ray, refracted ray and normal

to surface at a point of incidence all
lie in the same plane.

3) Incident and reflected rays lie on

opposite sides of normal.
 V1= Speed of light in rarer medium
V2= Speed of light in denser medium

Rarer
X Y
Denser
 A¢ B¢ = AB = incident wavefront
B
B N

A
B
Rarer Y
X A
Denser

When
When A¢ areaches at point A,
M wave
Consider front reaches
plane wave point
front of A,
B¢
it reaches
become at point
secondary
monochromatic BA&Bin
lightwaves obliquely
B needs
second extra
medium
incident at time ‘t’surface
a refracting to reach XY
 B
N

A v1 t
B
Rarer
D Y
X A v2t
Denser
C

M For same time ‘t’ 

Since
Distance Speed of
Distance
Speed of
travelled in   travelled
light inin
light in
rarer rarer
denser
denser
medium
medium medium
medium
 During this time secondary
Considering vthe wavelets
2t <distance
v1t,
If in time ‘t’ it cover
atDraw
A covertangents CD to
withaAdistance
BD = v1t in
as a v
centre
2
secondary
t denser
draw a
wavelet
medium hemisphere of radius v2t
B
N

A v1 t
B
Rarer Y
X D
A v2t
Denser
C

M
 B
N

A v1 t
B
Rarer
X D Y
A v2t
Denser
C

M
 B
N

A
B
Rarer i
D Y
X A r
Denser r
C

M
Here,
v1 = Speed of lightA AN =medium
in rarer i
CAM = r
v2 = Speed of light in denser medium.
N–A–M = Normal to XY
From figure 
N
B

A
B

i
–
90 o
Rarer i
X i D
A
Denser r
C

M
From figure 
B
N

A
B

i
–
90 o
Rarer i
X i D
A
Denser r
C

M
Also Refractive index (1 2 )
2 v1
(  2) =  = v
1
1 2

 We can have
sin i
2=
sin r = Constant
1

Snell’s law of refraction

Thus laws of refraction can be

deduced from Huygen’s
wave theory.
 2) Incident ray, refracted ray and
normal to surface at a point of
incidence all lie in the same plane.

B N

A
B
Rarer i
i D Y
X A r
Denser r
C

M
 3) Incident and reflected rays lie on opposite

sides of normal.

B N

A
B
Rarer i
i D Y
X A r
Denser r
C

M
 5.According to Snell’s law ………….

a) i + r = 0
b) i = r

c) sin i = sin r
sin i
d) = constant
sin r
6. If C1 and C2 are velocities of light in
rarer and denser medium, then…..

a) C1 > C2/2
b) C1 < C2

c) C1 = C2

d) C1 > C2
7. During refraction of a plane wave
front the width of the wave front
……

a) changes
b) remains same

c) sometimes charges

d) none of these
8) A wave front is the locus of all points
which are......

1) having constant phase difference

2) in the same phase
3) out of phase
4) having a phase difference of /2 rad
9) Huygens concept of secondary
wavelets may be used to.....

1) find velocity of light in vacuum

2) find new position of wave front
3) explain particle behavior of light
4) explain snell’s law
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