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04 Nutrition
04 Nutrition
Chapter 6
Microbial Nutrition
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Elements of Life - 1
• macroelements (macronutrients)
– C, O, H, N, S, P
• found in organic molecules such as
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and
nucleic acids
– K, Ca, Mg, and Fe
• cations and serve in variety of roles
including enzymes, biosynthesis
– required in relatively large amounts
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Table 6.1
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Elements of Life - 2
• micronutrients (trace elements)
– Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, and Cu
– required in trace amounts
– often supplied in water or in media
components
– ubiquitous in nature
– serve as enzymes and cofactors
• some unique substances may be required
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Table 6.2
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Table 6.3
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Figure 6.1
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Figure 6.2
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Sources of Nitrogen
• organic molecules
• ammonia
• nitrate via assimilatory nitrate
reduction
• nitrogen gas via nitrogen fixation
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Growth Factors
• organic compounds
• essential cell components (or their
precursors) that the cell cannot
synthesize
• must be supplied by environment if
cell is to survive and reproduce
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Table 6.4
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Microbial Production of
Growth Factors
• microorganisms can synthesize
many growth factors
• large-scale industrial production of
growth factors, such as vitamins
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Uptake of Nutrients
• microbes can only take in dissolved
particles across a selectively permeable
membrane
• some nutrients enter by passive diffusion
• microorganisms use transport
mechanisms
– facilitated diffusion – all microorganisms
– active transport – all microorganisms
– group translocation – Bacteria and Archaea
– endocytosis – Eukarya only
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Passive Diffusion
• molecules move from region of
higher concentration to one of lower
concentration between the cell’s
interior and the exterior
• H2O, O2, and CO2 often move across
membranes this way
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Facilitated Diffusion
• similar to passive diffusion
– movement of molecules is not energy
dependent
– direction of movement is from high
concentration to low concentration
– size of concentration gradient impacts
rate of uptake
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Facilitated Diffusion…
• differs from passive diffusion
– uses membrane bound carrier molecules
(permeases)
– smaller concentration gradient is required
for significant uptake of molecules
– effectively transports glycerol, sugars, and
amino acids
• more prominent in eukaryotic cells than
in bacteria or archaea
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•rate of facilitated
diffusion increases Figure 6.3
more rapidly and
at a lower
concentration
•diffusion rate
reaches a plateau
when carrier
becomes
saturated
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Figure 6.4
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Active Transport
• energy-dependent process
– ATP or proton motive force used
• move molecules against the gradient
• concentrates molecules inside cell
• involves carrier proteins (permeases)
– carrier saturation effect is observed at
high solute concentrations
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ABC Transporters
• primary active transporters use ATP
• ATP-binding cassette transporters
• observed in Bacteria, Archaea, and
eukaryotes
• Consist of
– 2 hydrophobic membrane spanning domains
– 2 cytoplasmic associated ATP-binding domains
– Substrate binding domains
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Figure 6.5
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Figure 6.6
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Group Translocation
• energy dependent transport that
chemically modifies molecule as it is
brought into cell
• best known translocation system is
phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar
phosphotransferase system (PTS)
– many anaerobic bacteria transport sugars
while phosphorylating them using
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) as the
phosphate donor
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Figure 6.7
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Iron Uptake
• microorganisms
require iron
• ferric iron is very
insoluble so uptake is Figure 6.8
difficult
• microorganisms
secrete siderophores
to aid uptake
• siderophore
complexes with ferric
ion
• complex is then
transported into cell
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Culture Media
• need to grow, transport, and store
microorganisms in the laboratory
• culture media is solid or liquid
preparation
• must contain all the nutrients required
by the organism for growth
• classification
– chemical constituents from which they are
made
– physical nature
– function
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Table 6.5
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Defined or synthetic
Complex
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Complex Media
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Supportive
Enriched
Selective
Differential
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Figure 6.9
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Selective Media
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Differential Media
• distinguish between different groups of
microorganisms based on their biological
characteristics
• e.g., blood agar
– hemolytic versus nonhemolytic bacteria
• e.g., MacConkey agar
– lactose fermenters versus nonfermenters
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Table 6.8
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Figure 6.10
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Figure 6.11
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Figure 6.12
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Figure 6.13
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