INTERGRATION

INTERGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
In this method of intergration by substitution, any give n integral is transformed into a simple
form of integral by substituting the independent variable by others. Integration by
substitution ’’or’’ the (revers chain rule) is a method to find an integral, but only when it can
be set up in a special way.

The first and most vital step is to be able to write our integral in this form:

න𝑓൫
𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻ൯ 𝑔ሺ
𝑥ሻ𝑑𝑥

Note that we have g(x) and it’s derivative g(x) like in this example

𝑥 2 ሻ2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
නcosሺ

Here f=cos, and we have 𝑔 = 𝑥 2 and it’s derivate 2x when our integral is set up like that, we
can do this substitution:

𝑔ሺ
න𝑓൫ 𝑥 ሻ൯ 𝑔ሺ
𝑥 ሻ 𝑑𝑥

න𝑓 ሺ
𝑢ሻ 𝑑𝑢

Then we can integrate f(u), and finish by putting g(x) back as u like this:

𝑥 2 ሻ2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
නcosሺ
 We know (from above) that it is in the right form to do the substitution:

නcosሺ𝑥 2 ሻ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

↓ ↓

නcosሺ𝑢ሻ 𝑑𝑢

Now integrate : ‫ ׬‬cosሺ𝑢ሻ 𝑑𝑢 = sinሺ𝑢ሻ+ 𝑐

And finally put u=𝑥 2 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛: sinሺ𝑥 2 ሻ+ 𝑐

So ‫ ׬‬cosሺ𝑥 2 ሻ2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinሺ𝑥 2 ሻ+ 𝑐

Steps to integration by substitution

Step 1: Choose a new variable t for the given function to be reduced.

Step 2: Determine the value of dx of the given integral, where f(x) is integrated with respect to x.

Step 3: Make the required substitution in the function f(x), and the new value dx

Step 4: Integrate the function obtained after substitution

Step 5: Substitute back the initial variable x to obtain the final answer

Examples below
1. ‫ ׬‬15 ሺ
1 + 5𝓍 ሻ2 𝑑𝑥 u= 1+5x
𝑑𝑥
15𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 1
15u^2 =5 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 5
3𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3 + 𝑐
1 + 5𝑥ሻ3 + 𝑐
=ሺ

2. ‫ ׬‬4 cosሺ
2𝑥ሻ𝑑𝑥 u=2x
𝑑𝑥
4 cosu 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 1
4 cosu 𝑑𝑥
=2 𝑑𝑢
= 2

2 cosu du

2 sinu + c

=2 sin2x + c
 Integration By Decomposition
It is a method used to decompose and then integrate a rational fraction
integrand that has complex terms in the denominator.
By using partial fraction, we calculate and decompose the expression into
simpler terms so that we can easily calculate or integrate the expression thus
obtained.
The basic idea in the integration by partial fractions is to factor the
denominator and then decompose them into two different fractions where the
denominators are the factors respectively and the numerator is calculated
suitably.
EXAMPLES
7
න 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 4

But the denominator can be factorised using the difference of two squares.
𝑥 2 − 4 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
7 7
Therefore‫ ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −4 (𝑥 −2)(𝑥 +2)
The fraction can be partialised.
7 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥−2 𝑥+2
Now we have to find the values of A and B by making a common denominator
on both sides of the equation.
7 𝐴ሺ
𝑥 + 2ሻ+ 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)
=
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
Since the denominators are equal then it means that the numerators are also
equal.7 = 𝐴ሺ 𝑥 + 2ሻ+ 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)
7 = 𝐴𝑥 + 2𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 − 2𝐵
7=ሺ
𝐴 + 𝐵 ሻ𝑥 + 2(𝐴 − 𝐵)
Equating the coefficients of x on both sides of the equation
0=𝐴+𝐵
Equating the constants on both sides of the equation.
7 = 2𝐴 − 2𝐵
Solve the simultaneous equations
From 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 by making A the subject formulae we get 𝐴 = −𝐵
Substitute into the second equation 7 = 2ሺ−𝐵ሻ− 2𝐵
7 = −2𝐵 − 2𝐵
7 = −4𝐵
7 −4𝐵
=
−4 −4
−7
𝐵=
4
But 𝐴 = −𝐵
−7 7
Therefore 𝐴 = − ቀ ቁ=
4 4
7 7 7
Therefore = −
(𝑥 −2)(𝑥 +2) 4(𝑥−2) 4(𝑥 +2)
7 7 7
Therefore ‫ ׬‬ሺ 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −2ሻሺ
𝑥 +2ሻ 4ሺ
𝑥 −2ሻ 4ሺ
𝑥 +2ሻ

The two partial fractions can be integrated separately

7 7 7 7
න − 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
4ሺ𝑥 − 2ሻ 4ሺ𝑥 + 2ሻ 4ሺ𝑥 − 2ሻ 4ሺ𝑥 + 2ሻ
The constants, 7ൗ
4 , are factored out of the integral sign.
7 1 7 1
න 𝑑𝑥 − න 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥−2 4 𝑥+2
Integrate the equation
7 7
𝐼𝑛 𝑥 − 2 − 𝐼𝑛ሺ𝑥 + 2ሻ+ 𝑐
ሺ ሻ
4 4
c is added as constant to the solution because there were no limits to our
integration.
3.Integration by parts

By definition, is a process that finds the integral of two or more functions in

terms of the integral of the product of their derivative and anti-derivative.

We use the following formula:

dv du
u dx
dx  uv   v
dx
dx

The LHS represents the question and the RHS represents the solution.

du
dx
The term identified as u has to be differentiated to give and the term
dv
identified as dx has to be integrated to give v.
There are two possible conditions that lead to the choice of the term to
differentiate:
 The term should be logarithmic in nature e.g. lnx ;
 The term should have a potential to breakdown into a constant

Example 1

Given,

I   2 xe3 x dx
 dv
Let u  2 x and  e3 x
dx
With the choice of u , by differenti ating we obtain
du
2
dx
dv
Also from  e 3 x , by integratin g we find
dx
e3 x
v
3
Using the integratio n by parts formula
 e3 x   e3 x 
 I  2 x
 3     2
 3 
dx
   
2 2
I  xe 3 x   e 3 x dx
3 3
2 2
I  xe 3 x  e 3 x  c
3 9
2  1
 I  e3 x  x    c
3  3

Example 2

Given that,
I   3 x 2 ln xdx
dv
Let u  ln x and  3x 2
dx
du 1
 v  x3
dx x

1
 I  x 3 ln x   x 3  dx
 3
x3
 I  x ln x   dx
3

3
3 x3
 I  x ln x  c
3
 1
 I  x 3  ln x    c
 3

NB: In cases where integration by parts is leading to another product that

cannot be integrated with ease, use further integration by parts to solve the
problem and substitute the results in the solution side of the original question.