Lecture No.

24

Differential Equations

Laplace Inverse Transform

By
Mudasar Rehman
Outlines

➢ Objectives
➢ Introduction
➢ Examples
➢ Home Task

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Objectives

➢ To develop the concept of several variables.

➢ In studying a real-world phenomenon, a quantity being investigated

usually depends on two or more independent variables. So we need
to extend the basic ideas of the calculus of functions of a single
variable to functions of several variables.
➢ These ideas are then used to compute volumes, masses, and centroids
of more general regions.

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Introduction

In elementary calculus you learned that differentiation and integration

are transforms; this means, roughly speaking, that these operations
transform a function into another function. For example, the function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 is transformed, in turn, into a linear function and a family of
cubic polynomial functions by the operations of differentiation and
integration.

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In this section we will examine a special type of integral transform
called the Laplace transform.

In this section we take a few small steps into an investigation of how the
Laplace transform can be used to solve certain types of equations for an
unknown function. We begin the discussion with the concept of the
inverse Laplace transform or, more precisely, the inverse of a Laplace
transform F(s).

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After some important preliminary background material on the Laplace
transform of derivatives 𝑓 ′ (𝑡), 𝑓 ′′ (𝑡), . . . , we then illustrate how both
the Laplace transform and the inverse Laplace transform come into play
in solving some simple ordinary differential equations.

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Inverse Transforms

If F(s) represents the Laplace transform of a function f (t), that is,

ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐹(𝑠)

we then say f (t) is the inverse Laplace transform of F(s) and write
𝑓 𝑡 = ℒ −1 𝐹(𝑠)

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For example, from examples

in last lectures we have,

Respectively.

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In evaluating inverse transforms, it often happens that a function of
s under consideration does not match exactly the form of a Laplace
transform F(s) given in a table. It may be necessary to “fix up” the
function of s by multiplying and dividing by an appropriate
constant.

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 −1 1
Example: Evaluate ℒ
𝑠5

Solution:
As

−1
𝑛!
ℒ = 𝑡𝑛
𝑠 𝑛+1

So by comparing with given term we get 𝑛 + 1 = 5 ⇒ 𝑛 = 4.

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 −1
1 1 −1 4!
ℒ 5
= ℒ
𝑠 4! 𝑠5

1 𝑡4
ℒ −1 5
=
𝑠 4!

𝑡4
=
24

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 −1 1
Example: Evaluate ℒ
𝑠 2 +7

Solution:
As
𝑘
ℒ −1 2 2
= sin 𝑘𝑡
𝑠 +𝑘

So by comparing with given term we get 𝑘 2 = 7 ⇒ 𝑘 = 7.

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Writing given term in standard form of transform

1 1 −1 7
ℒ −1 2
= ℒ 2
𝑠 +7 7 𝑠2 + 7

1 7
ℒ −1 2 = sin 7𝑡
7 𝑠2 + 7

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So Inverse transform of given term is

−1
1
ℒ 2
= sin 7𝑡
𝑠 +7

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ℒ −1 is a Linear Transform

The inverse Laplace transform is also a linear transform; that is, for

constants α and β

ℒ −1 𝛼 𝐹 𝑠 + 𝛽𝐺(𝑠) = 𝛼 ℒ −1 𝐹 𝑠 + 𝛽 ℒ −1 𝐺(𝑠) (1)

where F and G are the transforms of some functions f and g.

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 −1 −2𝑠+6
Example: Evaluate ℒ
𝑠 2 +4

Solution:
We first rewrite the given function of s as two expressions by means of
term-wise division and then use (1):

−2𝑠 + 6 −2𝑠 6
ℒ −1 2
=ℒ −1
2
+ℒ −1
𝑠 +4 𝑠 +4 𝑠2 + 4

𝑠 6 −1 2
= −2 ℒ −1 2 2
+ ℒ
𝑠 +2 2 𝑠 2 + 22

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 𝑠
ℒ −1 2 2
= cos 2𝑡
𝑠 +2
2
ℒ −1 2 2
= sin 2𝑡
𝑠 +2

𝑠 6 −1 2
−2 ℒ −1 2 2
+ ℒ 2 2
= −2 cos 2𝑡 + 3 sin 2𝑡
𝑠 +2 2 𝑠 +2

−2𝑠 + 6
ℒ −1 2
= −2 cos 2𝑡 + 3 sin 2𝑡
𝑠 +4

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 𝑠 2 +6𝑠+9
Example: Evaluate ℒ −1
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)(𝑠+4)

Solution:

Using partial fraction there exist unique real constants A, B, and C so

that

𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 9 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 + 4) 𝑠 − 1 𝑠 − 2 𝑠 + 4

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 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 −16 25 1
+ + = + +
𝑠 − 1 𝑠 − 2 𝑠 + 4 5(𝑠 − 1) 6(𝑠 − 2) 30(𝑠 + 4)

𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 9 −16 25 1
= + +
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 + 4) 5(𝑠 − 1) 6(𝑠 − 2) 30(𝑠 + 4)

Using inverse Laplace transform

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 𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 9 −16 25 1
ℒ −1 =ℒ −1
+ +
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 + 4) 5(𝑠 − 1) 6(𝑠 − 2) 30(𝑠 + 4)

−16 25 1
= ℒ −1 + +
5(𝑠 − 1) 6(𝑠 − 2) 30(𝑠 + 4)

−16 25 1
= ℒ −1 +ℒ −1 +ℒ −1
5(𝑠 − 1) 6(𝑠 − 2) 30(𝑠 + 4)

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 16 −1 1 25 −1 1 1 −1 1
=− ℒ + ℒ + ℒ
5 𝑠−1 6 𝑠−2 30 𝑠+4

𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 9 16 𝑡 25 2𝑡 1 −4𝑡
ℒ −1 =− 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 𝑒
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 + 4) 5 6 30

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 −1 1
Example: Evaluate ℒ
4𝑠 2 +1

Solution:

1 1
ℒ −1 =ℒ −1
2
4𝑠 + 1 2 1
4 𝑠 +
4

1 1
1
ℒ −1 = 4 ℒ −1 2
1 1 2
4 𝑠2 + 𝑠 2+ 1
4 2 2

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 1
1 −1 2
= ℒ 2
2 1
𝑠2 +
2

1 1 1
ℒ −1 2
= sin 𝑡
4𝑠 + 1 2 2

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Home Task: Find Laplace transform of the following functions.

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For further and detail study consult

❖ Differential Equations with Boundary Value Problems by Zill & Cullen

❖ https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=laplace+transform

❖ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KqokoYr_h1A

❖ For any query feel free to email at mudasar@uosahiwal.edu.pk

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