Unit- II : Partial Differentiation

 Introduction
 How to find partial derivatives?
 Variables to be treated as constant
 Euler’s Theorem for Homogeneous functions
 Partial derivatives of composite functions
 Total derivative
 Applications of partial derivatives

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 1

 Introduction
The volume V of a cylinder of radius r and height h is given by:
V   r 2h

If r is kept constant and h increases then V increases.

We can find the rate of change of V with respect to h
by differentiating with respect to h, keeping r constant:

 dV  V
 dh    r 2
we write this as   r2
r constant h

This is called the first partial derivative of V with respect to h.

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 2

Similarly, if h is kept constant and r increases then V increases.
We can then find the rate of change of V by differentiating with
respect to r keeping h constant:
 dV  V
 dr   2 rh we write this as  2 rh
h constant r
This is called the first partial derivative of V with respect to r.

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 3

 How to find partial derivatives?
If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a function of two real variables 𝑥 and 𝑦,
then partial derivative of 𝑧 w.r.to 𝑥 is denoted by
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓
or 𝑧𝑥 or or 𝑓𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
and is the ordinary derivative of 𝒛 w.r.to 𝒙 by keeping 𝒚
constant/fixed.
Similarly partial derivative of 𝑧 w.r.to 𝑦 is denoted by
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓
or 𝑧𝑦 or or 𝑓𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
and is the ordinary derivative of 𝒛 w.r.to 𝒚 by keeping x
constant/fixed.
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 4
 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Note : (1) and are called as first order partial derivatives of 𝑧.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
2 = lim
𝜕𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝜕𝑧 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑘 − 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= lim
𝜕𝑦 𝑘→0 𝑘
(3) If 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is a function of three variables 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 then partial
derivative of 𝑓 w.r.to any single variable is obtained by treating
remaining all variables constant.
(4) All the usual rules for differentiating sums, differences, products,
quotients and functions of a function obeys in partial derivatives.
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 5
 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
1. Find the values of and at the point (4, −5) if:
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 1
𝜕𝑓
Solution: To find , treat
𝑦 as a constant and differentiate with respect to 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
∴ = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
To find , treat 𝑥 as a constant and differentiate with respect to 𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓
∴ = 3𝑥 + 1
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓
⟹ = 2 4 + 3 −5 = −7
𝜕𝑥 4,−5

𝜕𝑓
= 3 4 + 1 = 13
𝜕𝑦 4,−5
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 6
 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
2. Find the values of and where 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 … … … 1
Differentiate (1) w.r.to x by treating 𝑦 as a constant
𝜕𝑓
∴ = 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 × 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 cos(𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
Differentiate (1) w.r.to 𝑦 by treating 𝑥 as a constant

𝜕𝑓
∴ = sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦cos(𝑥𝑦) × 𝑥
𝜕𝑦
= sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 cos (𝑥𝑦)

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 7

 2𝑦
3. Find 𝑓𝑥 and 𝑓𝑦 if 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝑦 + cos 𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2𝑦
Solution: 𝑓𝑥 = =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 + cos 𝑥

𝜕 𝜕
𝑦 + cos 𝑥 2𝑦 − 2𝑦 𝑦 + cos 𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑦 + cos 𝑥 2

𝑦 + cos 𝑥 0 − 2𝑦 0 − sin 𝑥
=
𝑦 + cos 𝑥 2

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 8

𝜕𝑓 0 − 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥 2𝑦 sin 𝑥
= 2
= 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 𝑦 + cos 𝑥

𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2𝑦
𝑓𝑦 = =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 + cos 𝑥

𝜕 𝜕
𝑦 + cos 𝑥 2𝑦 − 2𝑦 𝑦 + cos 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
=
𝑦 + cos 𝑥 2

𝑦 + cos 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 1 + 0
=
𝑦 + cos 𝑥 2
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 9
 2 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 − 2𝑦
=
𝑦 + cos 𝑥 2

2𝑦 + 2cos 𝑥 − 2𝑦
=
𝑦 + cos 𝑥 2

2cos 𝑥
= 2
𝑦 + cos 𝑥

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 10

 Second-Order Partial Derivatives
By differentiating a function 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) twice,we get its second-order derivatives.
These derivatives are usually denoted by:
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧
2
or 𝑓𝑥𝑥 or 2
or 𝑧𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧
2
or 𝑓𝑦𝑦 or 2
or 𝑧𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧
or 𝑓𝑥𝑦 or or 𝑧𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧
or 𝑓𝑦𝑥 or or 𝑧𝑦𝑥
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 11
The defining equations are:

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 2=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 Differentiate first with respect to 𝑦,then with respect to 𝑥

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
𝑓𝑦𝑥 = = Differentiate first with respect to 𝑥,then with respect to 𝑦
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 12
Note:

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 13

𝟏. If 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 , then find
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
, , 2 , 2, , .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: = 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 = cos 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕
= 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 = −𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= = cos 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑒 = 0 + 𝑦 𝑒 = 𝑦 𝑒
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 14

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝑥
2
= = −𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 = −𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 0 = −𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕
= = −𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 = − sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕
= = cos 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 = − sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 15

 𝑦 𝜕 2
𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2
𝑢
2. If 𝑢 = tan −1 then find 2 , 2 , and
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 1 𝑦 𝑦
Solution: = 2 − 2 =− 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2
1+
𝑥
𝜕𝑢 1 1 𝑥
= 2 = 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2
1+
𝑥
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑦
2
= = − 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2

𝜕
2 2 𝜕 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 ) 𝑦 −𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
=− 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 16
𝜕2𝑢 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) 0 − 𝑦(2𝑥) 2𝑥𝑦
2
=− 2 2 2
= 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 +𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑥
2
= =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

2 𝜕 2 𝜕 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 ) 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
=
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) 0 − 𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
= 2 2 2
=− 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 17
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑥
= =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

2 𝜕 2 𝜕 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 ) 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2
= 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )(1) − 𝑥 2𝑥
=
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦2 − 𝑥2
= 2 2 2
= 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 18
 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 −𝑦
= =
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

𝜕
2 2 𝜕 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 ) 𝑦 −𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
=−
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )(1) − 𝑦 2𝑦
=−
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 2 ) 𝑦2 − 𝑥2
=− 2 2 2
= 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 19
 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
3. If 𝑢 = log 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 verify =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 2𝑥
Solution: = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢 2𝑦
= 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 2

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑦
= =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

2 𝜕 2 𝜕 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 ) 2𝑦 − 2𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
= 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 20
 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )(0) − 2𝑦 2𝑥 4𝑥𝑦
= 2 2 2
=− 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑥
= =
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

𝜕 𝜕 2
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
=
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )(0) − 2𝑥 2𝑦 4𝑥𝑦
= 2 2 2
=− 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 21

𝟒. If 𝑢 = log 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑥 then show that
2
𝜕 𝜕 4 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 4
+ 𝑢=− 2
or 2
+2 + 2=− 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑥+𝑦

2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: + 𝑢= + + 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= + + … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑢 = log 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑥
= log 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 +𝑦 3 −𝑦 2 𝑥
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 22
𝑢 = log 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
= log 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 − 𝑦
= log(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = log(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)2
= log 𝑥 + 𝑦 + log(𝑥 − 𝑦)2
= log 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 log(𝑥 − 𝑦)
Differentiating 𝑢 w.r.to 𝑥 we get,
𝜕𝑢 1 2
= +
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦

Differentiating 𝑢 w.r.to 𝑦 we get,

𝜕𝑢 1 2
= −
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 23
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 2 1 2 2
+ = + + − =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Putting value of + in (1) we get,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕 2
+ 𝑢= + + = +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
𝜕 2 𝜕 2
= +
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦

2 2 4
=− 2
− 2
=− 2
𝑥+𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑥+𝑦
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 24
5. Find the value of 𝑛 if 𝑢 = 𝑟 𝑛 (3 cos2 𝜃 − 1) satisfies the equation
𝜕 2
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
𝑟 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0.
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
Solution: 𝑢 = 𝑟 𝑛 (3 cos2 𝜃 − 1) … … … (1)
Diff.(1) w.r.to 𝑟, we get
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 (3 cos2 𝜃 − 1)
𝜕𝑟
2
𝜕𝑢
∴ 𝑟 = 𝑟 2 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 (3 cos2 θ − 1) = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛+1 (3 cos2 𝜃 − 1)
𝜕𝑟
𝜕 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕
⟹ 𝑟 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛+1 (3 cos2 𝜃 − 1)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑟 𝑛 (3 cos2 𝜃 − 1) … … … (2)

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 25

Diff.(1) w.r.to 𝜃, we get
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑟 𝑛 (−6 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃) = −6 𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑢
∴ sin 𝜃 = −6𝑟 𝑛 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝜃

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕
sin 𝜃 = −6𝑟 𝑛 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝑛
𝜕 2 2
𝜕
= −6𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
= −6𝑟 𝑛 cos 𝜃 2sin𝜃 cos𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 −sin 𝜃
= −6𝑟 𝑛 2 sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 − sin3 𝜃
= −6𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝜃 2cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 26

 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
sin 𝜃 = −6𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝜃 2cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃

= −6𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝜃 2cos2 𝜃 − 1 − cos2 𝜃

= −6𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝜃 3cos2 𝜃 − 1

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 1
∴ sin 𝜃 = −6𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝜃 3cos2 𝜃 − 1
sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 sin 𝜃

= −6𝑟 𝑛 3cos2 𝜃 − 1 … … … (3)

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 27

Now 𝑢 = 𝑟 𝑛 (3 cos2 𝜃 − 1) satisfies the equation
𝜕 2
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
𝑟 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0.
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
From eq.(2) and (3),
∴ 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑟 𝑛 (3 cos2 𝜃 − 1) − 6𝑟 𝑛 3cos2 𝜃 − 1 = 0

𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑟 𝑛 (3 cos2 𝜃 − 1) = 6𝑟 𝑛 3cos 2 𝜃 − 1

⟹𝑛 𝑛+1 =6
⟹ 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 6 = 0
⟹ 𝑛 + 3 𝑛 − 2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑛 = −3, 2

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 28

 −𝑟 2
6. Find the value of 𝑛 if 𝜃 = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 4𝑡 satisfies the equation
1 𝜕 2
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
2
𝑟 = .
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡
−𝑟 2
Solution: 𝜃 = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 4𝑡
−𝑟 2 −𝑟 2
log𝜃 = log 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 4𝑡 = log 𝑡 𝑛 + log 𝑒 4𝑡
𝑟2
log𝜃 = 𝑛 log 𝑡 − … … … (1)
4𝑡
Diff.(1) w.r.to 𝑟, we get
1 𝜕𝜃 2𝑟 𝑟
=0− =−
𝜃 𝜕𝑟 4𝑡 2𝑡

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 29

 𝜕𝜃 𝑟𝜃
∴ =−
𝜕𝑟 2𝑡

𝜕𝜃 𝑟 3𝜃
⟹ 𝑟2 =−
𝜕𝑟 2𝑡

𝜕 𝜕𝜃 𝜕 𝑟 3𝜃 1 3 𝜕𝜃 𝜕 3
𝑟 2 = − =− 𝑟 +𝜃 𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2𝑡 2𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟

1 3 𝑟𝜃
=− 𝑟 − + 3𝑟 2 𝜃
2𝑡 2𝑡

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 30

𝜕 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 4𝜃 3𝑟 2𝜃
𝑟2 = 2−
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 4𝑡 2𝑡

𝜕 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 4𝜃 3𝑟 2𝜃
𝑟2 = 2−
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 4𝑡 2𝑡

4 2
1 𝜕 2
𝜕𝜃 1 𝑟 𝜃 3𝑟 𝜃
2
𝑟 = 2 2
−
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 4𝑡 2𝑡

𝑟 2 𝜃 3𝜃
= 2− … … … (2)
4𝑡 2𝑡

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 31

Now Diff.(1) w.r.to 𝑡,

1 𝜕𝜃 𝑛 𝑟 2
∴ = + 2
𝜃 𝜕𝑡 𝑡 4𝑡

𝜕𝜃 𝑛𝜃 𝑟 2 𝜃
⟹ = + 2 … … … (3)
𝜕𝑡 𝑡 4𝑡

−𝑟 2 1 𝜕 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝜃= 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 4𝑡 satisfies the equation 2 𝑟 2 = .
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑡

From eq.(2) and (3),

𝑟 2 𝜃 3𝜃 𝑛𝜃 𝑟 2 𝜃 3𝜃 𝑛𝜃 3
2
− = + 2⟹ − = ⟹𝑛=−
4𝑡 2𝑡 𝑡 4𝑡 2𝑡 𝑡 2
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 32
7. If 𝑢 = log 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧 then show that
2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 9
+ + 𝑢=− 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: + + 𝑢= + + + + 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= + + + + … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑢 = log 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑢 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧
= 3
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 33
𝜕𝑢 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧
= 3
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑢 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦
= 3
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦
= 3 + 3 + 3
𝑥 + 𝑦 +𝑧 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 +𝑧 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧
3 3 3 3

3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧 + 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧 + 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦

=
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 34

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧)
+ + =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧)(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧) 1
3 3 3
=
𝑥 + 𝑦 +𝑧 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3
+ + =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Putting value of + + in (1) we get,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ + 𝑢= + + + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 35
 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 3
+ + 𝑢= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
𝜕 3 𝜕 3 𝜕 3
= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧
3 3 3
=− 2
− 2
−
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2
9
=−
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 36

 Exercise-1
1 1 13
1. If 𝑢 = −𝑥 3𝑦 𝑥𝑦 3
then find the value of + at (1, 2). 𝐀𝐧𝐬: −
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 22
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑦 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
2. If 𝑢 = log 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + tan−1 then show that 2
+ 2 = 0.
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑦
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢
3. If 𝑢 = log 𝑒 + 𝑒 then show that 2
. 2= .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
2 2
3
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝑧 (3𝑧 +𝑥)
4. If 𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 then find , and show that =− 2 3
.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 (3𝑧 −𝑥)

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 37

 1 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
2 −2
5. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +
𝑧 then show that 2
+ 2 + 2 = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2𝑥𝑦 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
6. If 𝑧 = tan−1 2 2
then show that 2
+ 2 = 0.
𝑥 −𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
3 𝜕2𝑧 2
𝜕 2𝑧
7. If 𝑧 = tan 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 2 then show that 2
= 𝑎 2
.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
8. Find the value of 𝑛 if 𝑢 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑔𝑥 sin(𝑛𝑡 − 𝑔𝑥) satisfies the equation
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢
= 2 where 𝑔 and 𝐴 are constants.
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 38

 Variables to be treated as Constant
Consider the equations 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 .
𝜕𝑟
T𝑜 find we need a relation between 𝑟 and 𝑥.
𝜕𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑟 = 𝑥 sec 𝜃
𝜕𝑟
⟹ = sec 𝜃 … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥
Now 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = 𝑟 2
∴ 𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 … … … 2
Differentiating (2) w.r.to 𝑥 keeping 𝑦 constant we get,
𝜕𝑟
2𝑟 = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝑥
⟹ = = cos 𝜃 … … … (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝑟
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 39
 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
From 1 , = sec 𝜃 and from 3 , = cos 𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟
These two values of make confusion. To avoid the confusion we use the following
𝜕𝑥
notations:
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬:
𝜕𝑟
1. means the partial derivative of 𝑟 w. r. to 𝑥 keeping 𝜃 constant in a
𝜕𝑥 𝜃
relation expressing 𝑟 as a function of 𝑥 and 𝜃.
𝜕𝑟
From 𝑟 = 𝑥 sec 𝜃, = sec 𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝜃
𝜕𝑟
2. means the partial derivative of 𝑟 w. r. to 𝑥 keeping 𝑦 constant in a
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
relation expressing 𝑟 as a function of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
2 2 2
𝜕𝑟 𝑥
From 𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 , = = cos 𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑟
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 40
 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝟏. If 𝑥 = 𝑟cos 𝜃 & 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 then find , , and
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
To find & , express 𝑟 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
∴ 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = 𝑟 2 ⟹ 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑥
⟹ 2𝑟 = 2𝑥 ⟹ = = cos 𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑦
Also 2𝑟 = 2𝑦 ⟹ = = sin 𝜃
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
𝑟

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 41

 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
To find and , express 𝜃 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑟cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑦 𝑟 sin 𝜃
⟹ = = tan 𝜃
𝑥 𝑟 cos 𝜃
−1
𝑦
⟹ 𝜃 = tan
𝑥
𝜕𝜃 1 𝑦 𝑦
= 2 − 2 =− 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2
1+
𝑥
𝜕𝜃 1 1 𝑥
= 2 = 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2
1+
𝑥

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 42

𝟐. If 𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑣, 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑣 then show that
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦
= =
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑣 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝑢
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
𝜕𝑢
To find , express 𝑢 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑣 & 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑣
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑣 + 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑣 = 2𝑎𝑢
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
⟹𝑢=
2𝑎
𝜕𝑢 2𝑥 𝑥
∴ = = … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 2𝑎 𝑎

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 43

 𝜕𝑥
To find , express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑢 and 𝑣.
𝜕𝑢 𝑣
𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑣 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
∴ = = … … … (2)
𝜕𝑢 𝑣 2 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑣 2𝑥
𝜕𝑣
To find , express 𝑣 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑣 & 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑣
⟹ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑣 − 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑣 = 2𝑏𝑣
𝑥2 − 𝑦2
⟹𝑣=
2𝑏
𝜕𝑣 −2𝑦 −𝑦
∴ = = … … … (3)
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2𝑏 𝑏

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 44

 𝜕𝑦
To find , express 𝑦 in terms of 𝑢 and 𝑣.
𝜕𝑣 𝑢
𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑣 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑣
𝜕𝑦 −𝑏 −𝑏
∴ = = … … … (4)
𝜕𝑣 𝑢 2 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑣 2𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 1
= × =
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝑣
𝑎 2𝑥 2

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 −𝑦 −𝑏 1
= × =
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝑢
𝑏 2𝑦 2

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 45

 𝑟 𝜃 −𝜃
𝑟 𝜃 −𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟
𝟑. If 𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 − 𝑒 then show that = .
2 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: To find , express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑟 and 𝜃.
𝜕𝑟 𝜃
𝜃 −𝜃
𝑟 𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒
𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝜃 ⟹ = … … … (1)
2 𝜕𝑟 𝜃 2
𝜕𝑟
To find , express 𝑟 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 𝑦
𝑟 𝜃 −𝜃
𝑟 𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝑒 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝜃
2 2
𝑟 2 𝑟 2
2 2 𝜃 −𝜃 2 𝜃 −𝜃 2
⟹𝑥 −𝑦 = 𝑒 +𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑒
4 4

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 46

 𝑟 2 𝑟 2
⟹ 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝑒 2𝜃 + 𝑒 −2𝜃 + 2𝑒 𝜃 𝑒 −𝜃 − (𝑒 2𝜃 + 𝑒 −2𝜃 − 2𝑒 𝜃 𝑒 −𝜃 )
4 4
𝑟 2
⟹ 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝑒 2𝜃 + 𝑒 −2𝜃 + 2 − 𝑒 2𝜃 − 𝑒 −2𝜃 + 2
4
𝑟 2
⟹ 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 4 = 𝑟2
4
⟹ 𝑟 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
𝜕𝑟 2𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃
∴ = = = = … … … (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑟 2

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟
From 1 & 2 , =
𝜕𝑟 𝜃
𝜕𝑥 𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 47

 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝑣 𝜕𝑦
𝟒. If 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 = 0 and + = 1 show that + = 0.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑣
𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝑢
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
𝜕𝑥
To find , express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑢 and 𝑣.
𝜕𝑢 𝑣
𝑢𝑥
𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = − … … … (1)
𝑣
𝑢 𝑣 𝑣 𝑢 𝑥−𝑢
+ =1⟹ =1− =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 𝑣𝑥
= ⟹𝑦= … … … (2)
𝑣 𝑥−𝑢 𝑥−𝑢

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 48

 𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑥
From 1 and 2 , − =
𝑣 𝑥−𝑢
𝑢 𝑣
− = ⟹ −𝑢 𝑥 − 𝑢 = 𝑣 2
𝑣 𝑥−𝑢
2 2
𝑢 − 𝑣
⟹ −𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢2 = 𝑣 2 ⟹ 𝑥 =
𝑢
𝑢𝑥 𝑢 𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2
𝑦=− =− =
𝑣 𝑣 𝑢 𝑣
𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑢 2𝑢 − (𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 )(1)
𝑥= ⟹ =
𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑣 𝑢2
𝜕𝑥 2𝑢2 − 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
⟹ = 2
=
𝜕𝑢 𝑣 𝑢 𝑢2

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 49

 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 𝜕𝑦 𝑣 2𝑣 − (𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 )(1)
𝑦= ⟹ =
𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝑢 𝑣2
𝜕𝑦 2𝑣 2 − 𝑣 2 + 𝑢2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
⟹ = 2
=
𝜕𝑣 𝑢 𝑣 𝑣2
𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝑢 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑣 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
+ = 2
+
𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑣 𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝑢 𝑥 𝑢 𝑦 𝑣2
𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 2 2
1 1
= + = (𝑢 +𝑣 ) +
𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑦 𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑦
2 2
𝑣𝑦 + 𝑢𝑥
= (𝑢 +𝑣 )
𝑢𝑥𝑣𝑦
2 2
0
= (𝑢 +𝑣 ) =0
𝑢𝑥𝑣𝑦
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 50
 Exercise 2

 u   v  x  y
2 2
u v
1) If u.x  v. y  0,   1, prove that       2 2
x y  x  y  y  x y  x

 r  x  1 
 x 
   2
  2

2) If x  r cos , y  r sin , Prove that a)      , b)    r   , c) 2  2  0
 x  y  y  r    r  x  y x y
.
cos sin   x   u   y   u 
3) If x  , y , evaluate          .
u u  u   x  y  u   y  x
 u   v   u   v 
4) If x  u tan v, y  u sec v , prove that          .
 x  y  x  y  y  x  y  x

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 51

 Euler’s Theorem on Homogenous Functions
Homogenous function of degree n means?
A function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) of two variables x and y is said to homogeneous function of
degree n if
𝑛 𝑦 𝑛 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝜑 or 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝜓
𝑥 𝑦

Alternately, function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) of two variables x and y is said to homogeneous

function of degree n if
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 where t is a parameter.

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 52

1) 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 is a homogeneous function of degree 2
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = (𝑡𝑥)2 +(𝑡𝑦)2 = 𝑡 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 = 𝑡 2 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑥2 𝑦3
2) 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = is a homogeneous function of degree 4
𝑥−𝑦
𝑡𝑥 2 (𝑡𝑦)3 𝑡 5𝑥 2𝑦3
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = = = 𝑡 4 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑡𝑥 − 𝑡𝑦 𝑡(𝑥 − 𝑦)
3) 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = log 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 is not a homogeneous function
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = log (𝑡𝑥)2 +(𝑡𝑦)2 = log 𝑡 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≠ 𝑡 2 log 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
−1 𝑥
4) 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = tan is a homogeneous function of degree 0.
𝑦
𝑡𝑥 𝑥
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 𝑡 0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑡𝑦 𝑦
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 53
 Euler’s Theorem
If 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 in 𝑥 and 𝑦 then
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐟: 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 in 𝑥 and 𝑦.
𝑛
𝑦
⟹𝑢=𝑥 𝑓
𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝑛
𝑦 𝑦 𝑛−1
𝑦
⟹ = 𝑥 𝑓′ − 2 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝑛−1
𝑦 𝑛
𝑦
∴𝑥 = −𝑦𝑥 𝑓′ + 𝑛𝑥 𝑓 … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 54

 𝜕𝑢 𝑛
𝑦 1
= 𝑥 𝑓′
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝑛−1
𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥 𝑓′ … … … (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑥
Adding (1) and (2), we get
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑛−1
𝑦 𝑛
𝑦 𝑛−1
𝑦
𝑥 +𝑦 = −𝑦𝑥 𝑓′ + 𝑛𝑥 𝑓 + 𝑦𝑥 𝑓′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢
⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
∴𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢 … … … Hence the proof
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 55

Euler’s Theorem for homogeneous function of three variables:
If 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 in three variables 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 then
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Deduction from Euler’s Theorem:
If 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 in 𝑥 and 𝑦 then
2𝑢 2𝑢 2𝑢
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 56

𝟏. Verify Euler ′ s Theorem for 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦 2 .
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦 2
Replacing 𝑥 by 𝑡𝑥 and 𝑦 by 𝑡𝑦 in 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦),
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑡𝑥)2 +2𝑏𝑡𝑥𝑡𝑦 + 𝑐(𝑡𝑦)2 = 𝑡 2 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦 2 )

𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
Thus, 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦 2 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = 2.
By Euler’s Theorem,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹𝑥 +𝑦 = 2𝑢 = 2 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦 2 … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 57

𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑥 2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦 + 𝑦(2𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹𝑥 +𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑐𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹𝑥 +𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦 2 … … … (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
From (1) and (2), Euler’s Theorem is verified
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 58
𝟐. Verify Euler ′ s Theorem for 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 .
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛
Replacing 𝑥 by 𝑡𝑥 and 𝑦 by 𝑡𝑦 in 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦),
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡𝑥 + 𝑡𝑦 𝑡 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑡 𝑛 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑡𝑡 𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛
1
𝑛+2
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
1
Thus, 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦 2 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 + .
2
By Euler’s Theorem,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛+ 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
⟹𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛+ 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 59

𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛
𝜕𝑢 1
= 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 1
= 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹𝑥 +𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1
=𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑦
2 𝑥
1
+𝑦 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑦
2 𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 60

 𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑛
= 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 𝑥+ 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑦 𝑛 𝑥+ 𝑦
2 2

1
= 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 + 𝑛 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛
2

1
= 𝑛+ 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 … … … (2)
2

From (1) and (2), Euler’s Theorem is verified

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 61

 1 1 log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝟑. If 𝑢 = 2 + 2 + 2 2
then show that 𝑥 +𝑦 + 2𝑢 = 0.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥
1 1 log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 1 1 log
𝑦
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑢 = 2 + 2 + 2 2
= 2+ 2+ 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
Replacing 𝑥 by 𝑡𝑥 and 𝑦 by 𝑡𝑦 in 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦),
𝑡𝑥
1 1 log
𝑡𝑦
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 2
+ 2
+
(𝑡𝑥) (𝑡𝑦) (𝑡𝑥)2 +(𝑡𝑦)2
𝑥
1 1 log
𝑦
= 2 2+ 2 2+ 2 2
𝑡 𝑥 𝑡 𝑦 𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑡 2𝑦2
𝑥
1 1 1 log
𝑦
= 2 2+ 2+ 2
𝑡 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 62
 𝑥
1 1 1 log
𝑦
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 2 2 + 2 + 2
𝑡 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
1
= 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑡
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 −2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
1 1 log 𝑥 − log 𝑦
Therfore, 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2 + 2 + 2 2
is a homogeneous
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦
function of degree 𝑛 = −2.
By Euler’s Theorem,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹𝑥 +𝑦 = −2𝑢 ⟹ 𝑥 +𝑦 + 2𝑢 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 63

 𝑥 3𝑦3 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝟒. If 𝑢 = 3 3
then show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 3𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
and 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 6𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑥3𝑦3
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3
𝑥 + 𝑦3
Replacing 𝑥 by 𝑡𝑥 and 𝑦 by 𝑡𝑦 in 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦),
(𝑡𝑥)3 (𝑡𝑦)3 𝑡 6𝑥 3𝑦3 3
𝑥 3𝑦3
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = = = 𝑡
(𝑡𝑥)3 +(𝑡𝑦)3 𝑡 3 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) (𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 )

𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 3 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑥 3𝑦3
Therfore, 𝑢 = 3 3
is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = 3.
𝑥 +𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 64

By Euler’s Theorem,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹𝑥 +𝑦 = 3𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
Also 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 3 3 − 1 𝑢 = 6𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 65

 2
𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝟓. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑦 2 tan−1
then show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 2𝑢
𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
and 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 2𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
2 𝑥
𝑦
2 −1
𝑥
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑦 tan
𝑦
Replacing 𝑥 by 𝑡𝑥 and 𝑦 by 𝑡𝑦 in 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦),
2
𝑡𝑦
2 −1
𝑡𝑥 2 2
𝑦
2 2 −1
𝑥
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = (𝑡𝑥) 𝑒 𝑡𝑥 + (𝑡𝑦) tan = 𝑡 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑡 𝑦 tan
𝑡𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 tan−1 = 𝑡 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
Thus, 𝑢 = 𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 tan−1 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = 2.
𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 66

By Euler’s Theorem,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
⟹𝑥 +𝑦 = 2𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
Also 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
∴ 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 2 2 − 1 𝑢 = 2𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 67

Deduction from Euler’s Theorem:
If 𝑢 is not a homogeneous function of 𝑥 and 𝑦 but
𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 in 𝑥 and 𝑦 then
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑛 𝑓(𝑢)
1) 𝑥 +𝑦 = ′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑓 (𝑢)
2 2 2
2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢 ′
𝑛 𝑓(𝑢)
2) 𝑥 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 2
= 𝑔 𝑢 𝑔 𝑢 − 1 where 𝑔 𝑢 = ′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑓 (𝑢)
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞: If 𝑢 is not a homogeneous function of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 but
𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 in 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 then
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑛 𝑓(𝑢)
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = ′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑓 (𝑢)
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 68
 𝑥3 + 𝑦3 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝟏. If 𝑢 = log 2 2
then prove that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 1 and
𝑥 +𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = −1.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Replacing 𝑥 by 𝑡𝑥 and 𝑦 by 𝑡𝑦 in 𝑢,
(𝑡𝑥)3 +(𝑡𝑦)3 𝑡3 𝑥3 + 𝑦3 𝑥3 + 𝑦3 𝑥3 + 𝑦3
log 2 2
= log 2 2 = log 𝑡 2 ≠ 𝑡 log
(𝑡𝑥) +(𝑡𝑦) 𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑥3 + 𝑦3
∴ 𝑢 = log 2 2
is not a homogeneous function of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
𝑥 +𝑦
𝑥3 + 𝑦3 𝑢 =
𝑥 3 + 𝑦3
𝑢 = log 2 ⟹ 𝑒
𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Let 𝑓 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
Therfore, 𝑓 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = 1.

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 69

By Deduction of Euler’s Theorem,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑛𝑓(𝑢)
𝑥 +𝑦 = ′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑓 (𝑢)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1𝑒 𝑢
⟹𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑢 =1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑒
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
Also 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 𝑔 𝑢 𝑔′ 𝑢 − 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑛 𝑓(𝑢) 1𝑒 𝑢
where 𝑔 𝑢 = ′ = 𝑢 =1
𝑓 (𝑢) 𝑒
⟹ 𝑔′ 𝑢 = 0
2 2 2
2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢
∴𝑥 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 2
= 1 0 − 1 = −1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 70

𝟐. If 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 tan 𝑣 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢 sec 𝑣 then find the value of
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 tan 𝑣 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢 sec 𝑣
∴ 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑒 2𝑢 sec 2 𝑣 − 𝑒 2𝑢 tan 2 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑢 ( sec 2 𝑣 − tan2 𝑣) = 𝑒 2𝑢
𝑒 2𝑢 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2
Let 𝑓 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑢
Therfore, 𝑓 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = 2.
By Deduction of Euler’s Theorem,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑛𝑓(𝑢)
𝑥 +𝑦 = ′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑓 (𝑢)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2𝑒 2𝑢
⟹𝑥 +𝑦 = 2𝑢 = 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2𝑒

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 71

Now 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 tan 𝑣 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢 sec 𝑣
𝑥 𝑒 𝑢 tan 𝑣
∴ = 𝑢 = cos 𝑣 tan 𝑣 = sin 𝑣
𝑦 𝑒 sec 𝑣
−1
𝑥
⟹ 𝑣 = sin
𝑦
⟹ 𝑣 is a homogeneous function of of 𝑥 and 𝑦 with degree 𝑛 = 0
By Euler’s Theorem,
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑣 = 0. 𝑣 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
∴ 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 =1×0=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 72

 𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝟑. If 𝑢 = sin−1 then prove that 𝑥 +𝑦 = tan 𝑢 and
𝑥+ 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
2 2 2
2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢 1 3
1
𝑥 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 2
= tan 𝑢 − tan 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 4 4
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Replacing 𝑥 by 𝑡𝑥 and 𝑦 by 𝑡𝑦 in 𝑢,
𝑡𝑥 + 𝑡𝑦 𝑡 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
sin−1 = sin−1 = sin−1 𝑡 1/2
𝑡𝑥 + 𝑡𝑦 𝑡 𝑥+ 𝑦 𝑥+ 𝑦
1/2 −1
𝑥+𝑦
≠ 𝑡 sin
𝑥+ 𝑦
−1
𝑥+𝑦
∴ 𝑢 = sin is not a homogeneous function of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
𝑥+ 𝑦
−1
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
𝑢 = sin ⟹ sin 𝑢 =
𝑥+ 𝑦 𝑥+ 𝑦
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 73
Let 𝑓 𝑢 = sin 𝑢
1
Therfore, 𝑓 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = .
2
By Deduction of Euler’s Theorem,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑛𝑓(𝑢)
𝑥 +𝑦 = ′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑓 (𝑢)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 sin 𝑢 1
⟹𝑥 +𝑦 = = tan 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 cos 𝑢 2
2𝑢 2𝑢 2𝑢
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Also 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 𝑔 𝑢 𝑔′ 𝑢 − 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑛 𝑓(𝑢) 1 sin 𝑢 1
where 𝑔 𝑢 = ′ = = tan 𝑢
𝑓 (𝑢) 2 cos 𝑢 2
1
⟹ 𝑔 𝑢 = sec 2 𝑢
′
2
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 74
 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
∴ 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 𝑔 𝑢 𝑔′ 𝑢 − 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 1 1
∴𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = tan 𝑢 sec 2𝑢−1
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 2 2
1 1 1 2
1 1
= tan 𝑢 + tan 𝑢 − 1 = tan 𝑢 1 + tan2 𝑢 − 1
2 2 2 2 2

1 1 2
1
= tan 𝑢 tan 𝑢 −
2 2 2
1 3
1
= tan 𝑢 − tan 𝑢
4 4

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 75

 𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 tan 𝑢
𝟒. If 𝑢 = cosec −1 1/3 1/3
then prove that 𝑥 2
2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
2
= 13 + tan2 𝑢 .
𝑥 +𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 144
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Replacing 𝑥 by 𝑡𝑥 and 𝑦 by 𝑡𝑦 in 𝑢,

(𝑡𝑥)1/2 +(𝑡𝑦)1/2 𝑡 1/2 𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2

cosec −1 1/3 1/3
= cosec −1
(𝑡𝑥) +(𝑡𝑦) 𝑡 1/3 𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦1/3

1 𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2 1 𝑥1/2 + 𝑦1/2

= cosec −1 𝑡6 = cosec −1 𝑡 12
𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦1/3 𝑥1/3 + 𝑦1/3

1 𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2
≠ 𝑡 12 cosec −1
𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦1/3

𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2
∴ 𝑢 = cosec −1 1/3 1/3
is not a homogeneous function of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
𝑥 +𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 76

 𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2 𝑥 1/2 + 𝑦1/2
𝑢 = cosec −1 1/3 1/3
⟹ co𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 =
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦1/3
Let 𝑓 𝑢 = cosec 𝑢
1
Therfore, 𝑓 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = .
12
By Deduction of Euler’s Theorem,
2 2 2
2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢 ′
Also 𝑥 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
= 𝑔 𝑢 𝑔 𝑢 −1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑛 𝑓(𝑢) 1 cosec 𝑢 1
where 𝑔 𝑢 = ′ = = − tan 𝑢
𝑓 (𝑢) 12 (−cosec 𝑢 cot 𝑢) 12
1
⟹ 𝑔 𝑢 = − sec 2 𝑢
′
12
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 77
 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
∴ 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 𝑔 𝑢 𝑔′ 𝑢 − 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

2 2 2
2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢 1 1 2𝑢−1
⟹𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = − tan 𝑢 − sec
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 12 12

1 1 1 2
1 1
= tan 𝑢 + tan 𝑢 + 1 = tan 𝑢 1 + tan2 𝑢 + 1
12 12 12 12 12

1 1 2
13
= tan 𝑢 tan 𝑢 +
12 12 12
tan 𝑢
= tan2 𝑢 + 13
144
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 78
 −1
𝑥3 − 𝑦3 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝟓. If 𝑢 = sec then show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 2 cot 𝑢 .
𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
Also find the value of 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Replacing 𝑥 by 𝑡𝑥 and 𝑦 by 𝑡𝑦 in 𝑢,
(𝑡𝑥)3 −(𝑡𝑦)3
sec −1
𝑡𝑥 + 𝑡𝑦
𝑡3 𝑥3 − 𝑦3 𝑥 3
− 𝑦 3
𝑥 3
− 𝑦 3
= sec −1 = sec −1 𝑡 2 ≠ 𝑡 2 sec −1
𝑡 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
𝑥3 − 𝑦3
∴ 𝑢 = sec −1 is not a homogeneous function of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
𝑥+𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 79

 𝑥 3 − 𝑦3 𝑥 3 − 𝑦3
𝑢 = sec −1 ⟹ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 =
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
Let 𝑓 𝑢 = sec 𝑢
Therfore, 𝑓 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = 2.
By Deduction of Euler’s Theorem,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑛 𝑓(𝑢)
𝑥 +𝑦 = ′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑓 (𝑢)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2 sec 𝑢 2
𝑥 +𝑦 = = = 2 cot 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 tan 𝑢

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 80

 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
Also 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 𝑔 𝑢 𝑔′ 𝑢 − 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑛 𝑓(𝑢) 2 sec 𝑢 2
where 𝑔 𝑢 = ′ = = = 2 cot 𝑢
𝑓 (𝑢) sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 tan 𝑢
⟹ 𝑔′ 𝑢 = −2 cosec 2 𝑢
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
∴ 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 2 cot 𝑢 −2 cosec 2 𝑢 − 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= 2 cot 𝑢 −2 (1 + cot 2 𝑢) − 1
= 2 cot 𝑢 −2 − 2cot 2 𝑢 − 1
= 2 cot 𝑢 −3 − 2cot 2 𝑢
= −6 cot 𝑢 − 4 cot 3 𝑢

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 81

 Exercise 3
1. Verify Euler ′ s Theorem for 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 5𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 + 4𝑧 4 .
−1 𝑥 −1 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
2. If 𝑢 = sin + tan then show that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0.
𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

−1 𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
3. If 𝑢 = cos then show that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = − cot 𝑢.
𝑥+ 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

−1 𝑥 −1 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
4. If 𝑢 = sin + tan then show that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0.
𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
5. If 𝑢 = 𝑒 then show that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑢 log 𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
6. If 𝑢 = 𝑓 + 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 then show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2.
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥+2𝑦+3𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
7. If 𝑢 = sin−1 then show that 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −3 tan 𝑢
𝑥 8 +𝑦 8 +𝑧 8 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 82
 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
8.If 𝑢 = + + then show that 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =0
𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥+𝑦
9. If 𝑢 = sin−1 then show that
𝑥+ 𝑦
2 2 2
2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢 sin 𝑢 cos 2𝑢
𝑥 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 2
=−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 cos 3 𝑢
3 3
𝑥 + 𝑦
10. If 𝑢 = tan−1 then show that
𝑥−𝑦
2𝑢 2𝑢 2𝑢
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 1 − 4sin2 𝑢 sin 2𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝑥 1/3 + 𝑦1/3
11. If 𝑢 = sin−1 1/2 1/2
then prove that
𝑥 +𝑦

𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 tan 𝑢
2 2 2𝑢 .
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 13 + tan
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 144

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 83

 −1 3 3 25
12. If 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 +𝑦 then show that
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 6 6
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = tan 𝑢 sec 2𝑢 − 1
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 5 5
𝑦2 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
13. If 𝑢 = tan−1 then show that 𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = − sin2 𝑢 sin 2𝑢
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑥3 + 𝑦3 2
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
2
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
13. If 𝑢 = find the value of 𝑥 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 2
+𝑥 +𝑦 at 1,2 .
𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥𝑦 𝑥2𝑦 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
14. If 𝑇 = sin + + 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
then find the value of 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
′
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
15. Verify Euler s Theorem for 𝑢 = + + .
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 84

 Applications of Partial Derivatives

1. Maxima and Minima of function of two variables

2. Lagranges Method of undetermined multiplier
3. Errors
4. Approximations
5. Jacobian

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 85

 1.Maxima and Minima of function of two variables

Look at the hills and valleysz in the graph of f shown here.

(a, b) y

3/16/2021 AVINASH RAUT VIIT,PUNE 86

 There are two points (a, b) where f has a local maximum
that is, where f(a, b) is larger than nearby values of f(x, y).

The larger of
these two values
is the absolute
maximum.

3/16/2021 AVINASH RAUT VIIT,PUNE 87

 Similarly there are two points (a, b) where f has a local
minimum that is, where f(a, b) is smaller than nearby
values of f(x, y).

The smaller of
these two values
is the absolute
minimum.

3/16/2021 AVINASH RAUT VIIT,PUNE 88

 Let f be a function defined on a region R containing the point (a, b).

Then, f has a local maximum at (a, b) if

f(x, y)  f(a, b) for all points (x, y) that are sufficiently close to (a, b).

The number f(a, b) is called a local maximum value.

Similarly, f has a local minimum at (a, b) if

f(x, y)  f(a, b) for all points (x, y) that are sufficiently close to (a, b).

The number f(a, b) is called a local minimum value.

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 89

 Let f be a function defined on a region R containing the point (a, b).

If f(x, y)  f(a, b) for all points (x, y) in the domain R of the function f

then number f(a, b) is called a absolute maximum value.

If f(x, y)  f(a, b) for all points (x, y) in the domain R of the function f

then number f(a, b) is called a absolute minimum value.

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 90

 Working rule for finding extreme values
Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 be a given function of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢
1. Find partial derivatives , , 2, , 2.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
2. Let = 0 and = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
3. Solve these equations for 𝑥 and 𝑦. Let 𝑎, 𝑏 be the values of (𝑥, 𝑦).

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓

4. Evaluate 𝑟 = 2 , 𝑠 = , 𝑡 = 2 at point 𝑎, 𝑏 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
5. Find 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 at point (𝑎, 𝑏)

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 91

 Working rule for finding extreme values
Then
𝑎) 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 and 𝑟 < 0 implies that f(x, y) has maximum value at the point (a, b).
𝑏) 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 and 𝑟 > 0 implies that f(x, y) has minimum value at the point (a, b).
𝑐) 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 < 0 implies that f(x, y) has neither a maximum nor a
minimum at the point (a, b). Such a point is called as a saddle point.
𝑑) 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 0 then test gives no information. f(x, y) could have a maximum or
minimum at (a, b), or (a, b) could be a saddle point of f. Further investigation is needed.

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Note: The point 𝑎, 𝑏 at which = 0 and = 0 is called as stationary point
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 92

𝟏. Find extreme values of the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .
Solution : 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 2𝑥 and = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 2𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 2𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑦
Stationary point is 0, 0 .
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
Now 𝑟 = 2 = 2, 𝑠= =0 and 𝑡 = 2 = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Thus 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = (2)(2) − (0)2 = 4

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 93

At point 0,0 , 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 4 > 0 and 𝑟 = 2 > 0 .
⟹ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 has minimum value at the point 0,0 .
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓 0,0 = 0

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 94

𝟐. Find extreme values of the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4
Solution :𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2 and = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0 … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2 = 0 … … … (2)
𝜕𝑦
Solving 1 and 2 simultaneously we get, 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦 = −2
Therefore stationary point is −2, −2 .
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
Now 𝑟 = 2 = −2, 𝑠= = 1 and 𝑡 = 2 = −2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Thus 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = −2 −2 − 1 2 = 4 − 1 = 3

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 95

At point −2, −2 , 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 3 > 0 and 𝑟 = −2 < 0 .
⟹ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 has maximum value at the point −2, −2 .
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓 −2, −2
2 2
= (−2)(−2) − −2 − −2 − 2(−2) − 2(−2) + 4
=4−4−4+4+4+4
=8

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 96

𝟑. Find extreme values of the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 4𝑦 + 9
Solution :𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 9
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 2𝑥 and = 2𝑦 − 4
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 2𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 0 … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 2 … … … (2)
𝜕𝑦
From 1 and 2 , stationary point is 0, 2 .
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
Now 𝑟 = 2 = 2, 𝑠= = 0 and 𝑡 = 2 = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Thus 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 2 2 − 0 2 = 4

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 97

At point 0, 2 , 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 4 > 0 and 𝑟 = 2 > 0 .
⟹ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 has minimum value at the point 0,2 .
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓 0, 2
2
=0+ 2 −4 2 +9
=5

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 98

𝟒. Find extreme values of the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 3 − 12𝑦2 − 36𝑦 + 2
Solution :𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 3 − 12𝑦 2 − 36𝑦 + 2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 2𝑥 and = 12𝑦 2 − 24𝑦 −36
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 2𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 0 … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 12𝑦 2 − 24𝑦 − 36 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 … … … (2)
𝜕𝑦
From 2 we get, 𝑦 = −1 or 𝑦 = 3
Therefore stationary points are 0, −1 and (0, 3)
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
Now 𝑟 = 2 = 2, 𝑠= = 0 and 𝑡 = 2 = 24𝑦 − 24 = 24(𝑦 − 1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Thus 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 2 24 𝑦 − 1 − 0 2 = 48(𝑦 − 1)

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 99

At point 0, −1 , 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 48 −1 − 1 = −96 < 0.
⟹ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 has neither maxima nor minima at the point 0, −1 .
Point 0, −1 is a saddle point.
At point 0, 3 , 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 48 3 − 1 = 96 > 0 and 𝑟 = 2 > 0 .
⟹ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 has minimum value at the point 0,3 .
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓 0, 3
3 2
=0+4 3 − 12 3 − 36(3) + 2
= 108 − 108 − 108 + 2
= −106

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 100

𝟓. Find extreme values of the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦 where 𝑎 > 0
Solution :𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑓 2
𝜕𝑓
= 3𝑥 − 3𝑎𝑦 and = 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑎𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 = 𝑎𝑦 … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑎𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 … … … (2)
𝜕𝑦
From 1 , 𝑥 4 = 𝑎2 𝑦 2 … … … (3)
Putting value of 𝑦 2 from 2 in 3 we get,
𝑥 4 = 𝑎2 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎3 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 4 −𝑎3 𝑥 = 0
⟹ 𝑥 𝑥 3 −𝑎3 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 2 +𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 = 0

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 101

⟹ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0 or 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 = 0
Now 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 = 0 have complex imaginary roots.
⟹ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥 = 0 & 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 𝑎 & 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 ⟹ 𝑦 = ±𝑎
Therefore stationary points are 0, 0 , 𝑎, 𝑎 and (𝑎, −𝑎)

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓

Now 𝑟 = 2 = 6𝑥, 𝑠= = −3𝑎 and 𝑡 = 2 = 6𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Thus 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 6𝑥 6𝑦 − −3𝑎 2 = 36𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑎2

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 102

Point 𝒓𝒕 − 𝒔𝟐 𝒓 = 𝟔𝒙 Conclusion
= 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝒚 − 𝟗𝒂𝟐

0, 0 −9𝑎2 < 0 − Neither maxima nor minima at 0, 0 .

0, 0 is a saddle point.
𝑎, 𝑎 27𝑎2 > 0 6𝑎 > 0 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 has minimum value at 𝑎, 𝑎 .
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑎3 +𝑎3 −3𝑎3 = −𝑎3
(𝑎, −𝑎) −45𝑎2 < 0 − Neither maxima nor minima at (𝑎, −𝑎)
𝑎, −𝑎 is a saddle point.

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 103

𝟔. Find extreme values of the function𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥4 + 𝑦4 – 4𝑥𝑦 + 1
Solution :𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥4 + 𝑦4 – 4𝑥𝑦 + 1

𝜕𝑓 3
𝜕𝑓
= 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 and = 4𝑦 3 − 4𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 3 = 𝑦 … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 4𝑦 3 − 4𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 … … … (2)
𝜕𝑦
Putting value of 𝑦 from 1 in 2 we get,
(𝑥 3 )3 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 9= 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 9 −𝑥 = 0
⟹ 𝑥 𝑥 8 −1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 𝑥 4 −1 𝑥 4 +1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 4 +1 = 0

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 104

⟹ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 or 𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 or 𝑥 4 + 1 = 0
Now 𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 and 𝑥 4 + 1 = 0 have complex imaginary roots.
⟹ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = ±1
𝑥 = 0 & 𝑦3 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦3 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 1 & 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 3 = 1 ⟹ 𝑦 3 − 1 = 0 ⟹ (𝑦 − 1) (𝑦 2 + 𝑦 + 1) = 0
⟹ 𝑦 = 1 ( ∵ 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 has no real roots)
𝑥 = −1 & 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 3 = −1 ⟹ 𝑦 3 + 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 + 1 (𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 1) = 0
⟹ 𝑦 = −1 ( ∵ 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 has no real roots)
Therefore stationary points are 0, 0 , 1,1 and (−1, −1)

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 105

 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
Now 𝑟 = 2 = 12𝑥 2 , 𝑠= = −4 and 𝑡 = 2 = 12𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Thus 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 12𝑥 2 12𝑦 2 − −4 2 = 144𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 16

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 106

 𝟐 𝒓 = 12𝑥 2
Point 𝒓𝒕 − 𝒔 Conclusion
= 144𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 16

0, 0 −16 < 0 − Neither maxima nor minima at 0, 0 .

0, 0 is a saddle point.
1,1 128 > 0 12 > 0 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 has minimum value at (1,1).
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 12 + 12 − 4 1 1 + 1 = −1
−1, −1 128 > 0 12 > 0 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 has minimum value at (−1, −1)
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (−1)2 +(−1)2 −4 −1 −1 + 1
= −1

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 107

Point 𝒓𝒕 − 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝒚 − 𝟗𝒂𝟐 𝒓 = 𝟔𝒙 Conclusion
0, 0 −9𝑎2 < 0 − Neither maxima nor minima
𝑎, 0 −9𝑎2 < 0 − Neither maxima nor minima

0, 𝑎 −9𝑎2 < 0 − Neither maxima nor minima

(𝑎, 𝑎) 27𝑎2 > 0 6𝑎 > 0 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 has minimum value

at (𝑎, 𝑎) and 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −𝑎3

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 108

At point 0, −1 , 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 48 −1 − 1 = −96 < 0.
⟹ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 has neither maxima nor minima at the point 0, −1 .
Point 0, −1 is a saddle point.
At point 0, 3 , 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 48 3 − 1 = 96 > 0 and 𝑟 = 2 > 0 .
⟹ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 has minimum value at the point 0,3 .
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓 0, 3
3 2
=0+4 3 − 12 3 − 36(3) + 2
= 108 − 108 − 108 + 2
= −106

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 109

𝟓. Find extreme values of the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦(𝑎 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) where 𝑎 > 0
Solution :𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑎 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2

𝜕𝑓 2
𝜕𝑓
= 𝑎𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 and = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 𝑎𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 𝑎 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⟹ 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 𝑎 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 … … … (2)
𝜕𝑦
From 1 , 𝑦 = 0 or 𝑎 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
From 2 , 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑎 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 110
𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥, 𝑦 = (0, 0)
𝑦 = 0 and 𝑎 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥, 𝑦 = (𝑎, 0)
𝑎 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥, 𝑦 = (0, 𝑎)
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑎 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥, 𝑦 = ,
3 3
𝑎 𝑎
Therefore stationary points are 0, 0 , 𝑎, 0 , 0, 𝑎 and , .
3 3

𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓

Now 𝑟 = 2 = −2𝑦, 𝑠= = 𝑎 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 and 𝑡 = 2 = −2𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Thus 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = −2𝑦 −2𝑥 − 𝑎 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 = 4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑎 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 2

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 111

Point 𝒓𝒕 − 𝒔𝟐 = 4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑎 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 𝒓 = −2𝑦 Conclusion

0, 0 −𝑎2 < 0 − Neither maxima nor

minima at 0, 0 .
0, 0 is a saddle point.
𝑎, 0 −𝑎2 < 0 − Neither maxima nor
minima at 𝑎, 0 .
𝑎, 0 is a saddle point.
(0, 𝑎) −𝑎2 < 0 − Neither maxima nor
minima at 0, 𝑎 .
0, 𝑎 is a saddle point.
𝑎 𝑎 2 2𝑎 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 has maximum value
, 𝑎𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 < 0 if 𝑎 > 0
3 3 4 − 𝑎− − 2
=𝑎 >0 − = if 𝑎 > 0 and
33 3 3 3 > 0 if 𝑎 < 0
minimum value if 𝑎 < 0

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 112

 Exercise 4
Find extreme values of the following functions
1. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 12.
2. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 (1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)
3. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2
4. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 15𝑥 2 − 15𝑦 2 + 72𝑥
3 1 1
5. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎
𝑥
+
𝑦

6. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4
7. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5.
8. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑦.

16-03-2021 Prof. AVINASH RAUT, VIIT PUNE 113