Mechanical Engineering

Teacher: Mr. Tulloch

Centre Lathe
 objectives
• Main purpose of the centre lathe
• Safety precautions on the centre lathe
• Types of Lathe
• Identify main parts of the centre lathe
• State the purpose of each main parts
• Method of Holding work
• Method of cutting tapers
• Cutting speed on the Lathe
 Purpose of centre Lathe
• The lathe is used for
producing cylindrical
work. The workpiece
is rotated while the
cutting tool
movement is
controlled by the
machine or an
operator.
 Centre Lathe
• lathes may be operated directly by
people (manual lathes) or computer
controlled lathes (CNC machines) that
have been programmed to carry out a
particular task.
 Safety Precautions
• Always wear approved safety glasses
• Rollup sleeves, remove tie and tuck in loose
clothing
• Never operate machine if safety guards
removed
• Stop lathe before measure work or clean, oil
or adjust machine
• Always remove chuck key after use
• Always remove chips with brush
 Types of Lathe

Engine Lathe
 The most common
form of lathe, motor
driven and comes in
large variety of sizes
and shapes. Not
production lathe, found
in school shops.

.
 Types of Lathe

Bench Lathe
 A bench top
model usually of
low power used
to make
precision machine
small work pieces.
 Types of Lathe

Tracer Lathe
 a lathe that has
the ability to
follow a template
to copy a shape
or contour
 Types of Lathe
Automatic Lathe
A lathe in which the
work piece is
automatically fed
and removed
without use of an
operator.
 Types of Lathe
– Turret Lathe
 lathe which have
multiple tools
mounted on turret
either attached to the
tailstock or the cross-
slide, which allows for
quick changes in
tooling and cutting
operations.
 Types of lathe
Computer Controlled
Lathe
– A highly automated
lathe, where both
cutting, loading, tool
changing, and part
unloading are
automatically
controlled by
computer coding.
Lathe Parts
Lathe Parts
 Headstock
• Found on the left side
of the bed.
• Head stock spindle
 Headstock
• Clamped on left-hand end of bed
• Headstock spindle
– Hollow cylindrical shaft supported by
bearings
• Provides drive through gears to work-
holding devices
– Live center, faceplate, or chuck fitted to
spindle nose to hold and drive work
• Driven by stepped pulley or transmission
gears
Lathe Bed
 Lathe Bed
• Heavy, rugged casting
• Made to support working parts of lathe
• On top section are machined ways
– Guide and align major parts of lathe
Carriage
 Carriage
• Used to move cutting tool along lathe bed
• Consists of three main parts
– Saddle
• H-shaped casting mounted on top of
lathe ways, provides means of
mounting cross-slide and apron
– Cross-slide
– Apron
Cross-slide
 Cross-slide
• Mounted on top of saddle
• Provides manual or automatic cross
movement for cutting tool
• Compound rest (fitted on top of cross-
slide)
– Used to support cutting tool
– Swiveled to any angle for taper-turning
– Has graduated collar that ensure
accurate cutting-tool settings (.001 in.)
(also cross-slide)
Apron
 Apron
• Fastened to saddle
• Houses gears and mechanism required to
move carriage or cross-slide automatically
• Locking-off lever inside apron prevents
engaging split-nut lever and automatic
feed lever at same time
• Apron handwheel turned manually to
move carriage along lathe bed
Tailstock
 Tailstock
• Upper and lower tailstock castings
• Adjusted for taper or parallel turning by
two screws set in base
• Tailstock clamp locks tailstock in any
position along bed of lathe
• Tailstock spindle has internal taper to
receive dead center
– Provides support for right-hand end of
work
 Tool post
• There are three main types of tool post used
for holding lathe cutting tools:
 Ring and rocker
 Four-way turret
 Quick -change
 Ring and Rocker
• With this type, tools are
quickly adjusted at
centre height by moving
the rocker, which beds
on the loose ring
around the main post.
 Four-way tool post
• It has four ways, or
sides, which allow four
cutting tools to be held
at the same time.
 Quick-change
• No need for packing.
The adjustment is done
by means of screw.
There are separate tool
holders that fit the four
faces of the main block
and are easily removed
and returned to exactly
the same setting.
 Compound slide/ Top slide
• It is fixed on top of the
cross-slide, and can be
turned (set) to any
desired angle. The
compound slide is
useful for turning and
boring short tapers and
chamfers.
Quick-Change Gearbox
 Quick-Change Gearbox
• Contains number of different-size gears
• Provides feed rod and lead-screw with
various speeds for turning and thread-
cutting operations
– Feed rod advances carriage when automatic
feed lever engaged
– Lead screw advances the carriage for thread-
cutting operations when split-nut lever
engaged
 Quiz points
• Produce cylindrical work
• Type of lathe Programme to
carry out task
• Use to tighten the chuck
• Types of lathe use in school
workshops
• Use to make precision work
and small work pieces.
• lathe which have multiple
tools
• Tool post that doesn’t need
packing
• Use to produce short tapers
• Made to support working
parts of lathe
• Found at the left side of the
bed
• Found at the right side of
the bed
• Hold four tools at the same
time
• Used to move cutting tool
along lathe bed
• Parts of the machine use
when facing off
 Lathe Size and Capacity
• Designated by largest work diameter that can
be swung over lathe ways and generally the
maximum distance between centers
 Lathe Size

Indicated by the swing

and the length of the bed

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lathe Size

38
Lathe Size

39
Lathe Size

40
 Cutting speed
• Cutting speed for turning is the speed at which
the work rotates. This is also known as surface
speed
 Cutting Speed
• Rate at which point on work circumference
travels past cutting tool
• expressed in meters per minute (m/min)
• Important to use correct speed for material
– Too high: cutting-tool breaks down
rapidly
– Too low: time lost, low production rates

47-42
 Cutting speed selection
• The softer the work material, the faster the
recommended cutting speed
• The hardness of the cutting tool material has a
great deal to do with the recommended cutting
speed. The harder the cutting tool material, the
faster the cutting speed. The softer the cutting
tool material, the slower the recommended
cutting speed
• The depth of the cut and the feed rate will also
affect the cutting speed, but not to as great an
extent as the work hardness
 Factors that Determine cutting speed
• The material being cut
• The rigidity and condition of the machine
• The material of which the tool is made from
• The depth of cut and the feed rate
• Availability of coolant (cutting fluid)
 Setting Speeds on a Lathe

• Speeds measured in revolutions per minute

– Changed by stepped pulleys or gear levers
• Belt-driven lathe
Safety Note!! NEVER change speeds
– Various speeds obtained by changing flat belt
and back gear when
drive lathe is running.
• Geared-head lathe
– Speeds changed by moving speed levers into
proper positions according to r/min chart
fastened to headstock
Setting Speeds on a Lathe
• Speeds measured in revolutions per
minute
– Changed by stepped pulleys or gear
levers
• Belt-driven lathe
– Various speeds obtained by changing flat
belt and back gear drive
• Geared-head lathe
– Speeds changed by moving speed levers
into proper positions according to r/min
chart fastened to headstock
48
 Lathe Cutting Speeds
Material being cut Cutting speed (metres/minute

Mild steel 20 to 28
Cast iron 18 to 25
High carbon steel 12 to 18
Brass 45 to 90
Bronze 15 to 21
Aluminium Upto 300
47-49
 Calculating Lathe cutting speed

• Given in metres per minute

• spindle speed of machine (N) and diameter
of work must be known

• S (m/min)= πDN/1000
• Where π= 22/7 or 3.142
• D= diameter of material
• N= Spindle speed(rev/min)
47-50
Calculating Lathe Spindle speed
(rev/min)

1000 xS
rev/min 
D

S (m/min)= cutting speed

Where π= 22/7 or 3.142
D= diameter of material
N= Spindle speed(rev/min
 Examples
• Calculate rev/min required to rough-turn
150mm diameter piece of machine steel (CS
90)
• Find the cutting speed of a 50mm diameter
bar being turned with a spindle of 178
rev/min.
 Exercise
• Calculate the spindle speed required to turn
200mm diameter piece of high speed steel, if the
cutting speed is 28 m/min.
• Find the cutting speed of a 15mm diameter bar
being turned with a spindle of 955 rev/min.
• Determine the lathe speed to cut a 40mm
diameter at 30 m/min

47-53
 Class work
1. What is cutting speed for turning?
2. State the unit for cutting speed.
3. Which of the following materials have the
highest cutting speed.
1. Brass 2. Bronze 3. mild steel.
Give reasons for your choice.
4. List four factors that determine the cutting
speed. Explain any two factors.
Continue on next slide.
5. Find the surface cutting speed for:
 Diameter 60mm. Lathe speed 180rev/min
 Diameter 225mm. Lathe speed 20rev/min
 Diameter 50mm. Lathe speed 160rev/min
• Lathe speed 120 rev/min. Diameter 40mm.

6. Find the lathe speed for:

 Diameter 75mm. Surface speed 20 m/min
 Diameter 20mm. Surface speed 30 m/min
 Diameter 150mm. Surface speed 15 m/min.
 Objectives
• Explain what is lathe accessories
• Identify and explain lathe accessories
used in the metal work shop.
 Lathe Accessories
• What is Lathe accessories?

• Equipment or tools used on the lathe to

assist in performing an operation.
 Lathe Accessories
• Divided into two categories
– Work-holding, -supporting, and –driving
devices
• Lathe centers, chucks, faceplates
• Mandrels, steady and follower rests
• Lathe dogs, drive plates

– Cutting-tool-holding devices
• Straight and offset toolholders
• Threading toolholders, boring bars
• Turret-type toolposts
 Lathe Centers
• Work to be turned between centers must
have center hole drilled in each end
• Support during cutting
• Most common have
solid Morse taper shank
60º centers, steel with carbide tips
• Care to adjust and lubricate occasionally
Type of Centres
 Type of Lathe Centres
• Lathe centres is used as a support at the end
of a work. It is usually made from carbon tool
steel. There are three (3) main types of Lathe
centres:
• Live centre (Revolving centre)
• Dead centre
• Half centre
 Live centre (Revolving Centre)
• It is constructed so that the 60° center runs in its own bearings .
• The live centre fits in the spindle (headstock)and rotates with
the spindle.
• Used when turning between centres
Centre in Headstock Spindle
 Dead centre
• Fits in the tailstock spindle, remains stationary
while the work rotates on its point
 Half Centre
• A centre that is cut away almost to its point. It
is often used in the tailstock for facing up to or
for turning close to the end of the work.
Chucks
 Chucks
• Used extensively for holding work for
machining operations
– Work large or unusual shape
• Most commonly used lathe chucks
– Three-jaw universal
– Four-jaw independent
– Collet chuck
 Three-jaw Universal Chuck
• Holds round and hexagonal work
• Grasps work quickly and accurate
• Three jaws move
simultaneously when
adjusted by chuck Key
 Four-Jaw Independent Chuck
• Used to hold round, square, hexagonal, and
irregularly shaped workpieces
• Has four jaws
– Each can be adjusted independently by chuck Key
• Jaws can be reversed to hold work by inside
diameter
 Headstock Spindles
Universal and independent chuck fitted to
three types of headstock spindles
1. Threaded spindle nose
– Screws on in a
clockwise direction
2. Tapered spindle nose
Held by lock nut
that tightens on chuck
3. Cam-lock spindle nose
• Held by tightening cam-locks
using T-wrench
• Chuck aligned by taper
on spindle nose
 Collet Chuck
• Collet chuck is used to hold small
workpieces.
• Used for high-precision work
• Spring collets available to hold round, square,
or hexagon-shaped workpieces
• Each collet has range of only few thousandths
of an inch over or under size stamped on
collet
 Collet Chuck

Special adapter fitted into taper of headstock

spindle, and hollow draw bar having internal
thread inserted in opposite end of headstock
spindle. It draws collet into tapered adapter
causing collet to tighten on workpiece.
 Lathe Dogs /Carrier
• A lathe dog ( lathe carrier) is a device that
clamps around the workpiece and allows the
rotary motion of the machine's spindle to be
transmitted to the workpiece.
• A carrier is most often used when turning
between centers on a lathe.
 Types of Lathe Dogs
• Standard bent-tail lathe dog
– Most commonly used for round workpieces
– Available with square-head setscrews of headless
setscrews
• Straight-tail lathe dog
– Driven by stud in driveplate
– Used in precision turning
 Types of Lathe Dogs
• Safety clamp lathe dog
– Used to hold variety of work
– Wide range of adjustment
• Clamp lathe dog
– Wider range
than others
– Used on all shapes
Work Held Between Centre
Work Held Between Centres
 Face plate
• A faceplate is the basic workholding accessory
for a lathe. It is a circular metal plate which
fixes to the end of the lathe spindle. The
workpiece is then clamped to the faceplate,
typically using t-nuts in slots in the faceplate,
or less commonly threaded holes in the
faceplate itself.
 Faceplate
• Used to hold work too large or shaped so
it cannot be held in chuck or between
centers
• Usually equipped with several slots to
permit use of bolts to secure work
 Drive plate
• Provide the drive when turning between
centres
 Steady Rest / Fixed Steady
• Used to support long work held in chuck or
between lathe centers
– Prevent springing
• Located on and aligned by ways of the
lathe
• Positioned at any point along lathe bed
• Three jaws tipped with plastic, bronze or
rollers may be adjusted to support any
work diameter with steadyrest capacity
Steady Rest
Steady Rest
 Travelling Steady/Follower Rest
• Mounted on saddle
• Travels with carriage to prevent work from
springing up and away from cutting tool
– Cutting tool generally positioned just ahead of
follower rest
– Provide smooth bearing surface for two jaws
of follower rest
Travelling Steady
Travelling Steady
 Mandrel
• Holds internally machined workpiece
between centers so further machining
operations are concentric with bore
• Several types, but most common
– Plain mandrel
– Expanding mandrel
– Gang mandrel
– Stub mandrel
Plain Mandrel
Expanding Mandrel
Gang Mandrel
Stub Mandrel
 Taper Turning
• Tapers
Uniform change in diameter of workpiece
measured along its axis
Provides rapid and accurate method of
aligning machine parts and easy method of
holding tools
 Types of Tapers
• Machine Tapers
– Self-holding tapers
– Steep or self-releasing tapers
• Self-Holding Tapers
• Remain in position because of the wedging
action of the small taper angle
• Steep Tapers
• Used mainly for alignment of milling
machine arbors and accessories
 Types of Tapers
• Standard Tapers
• Used for drills, reamers, and lathe center
shanks
• Used for positioning and holding parts
together
 Method of Cutting Tapers
• Using the tool angle
• Setting the angle on the compound slide
• Off set the tailstock
• Using the taper turning attachment
 Assignment 1.
Do a presentation on any of the following
method using any of the following in group
of three:
a. Video
b. Picture
c. Acting
d. PowerPoint (picture and detail)
e. movie
 Assignment 2
• State and explain the process involve in
knurling
• Three method of holding work on the lathe
• The procedure involve in facing and parallel
turning
• Four method of holding work on the drill press
• Using the same presentation format
 Metric Tailstock Offset
Calculations
• If taper turned by offsetting tailstock, amount
of offset O is calculated as follows:
where D = large diameter
D-d d = small diameter
Offset  x L l = length of taper
2xl L = length of work

104
 Metric Taper Calculations
If know d, k, and l, D may be calculated. D
equal to small dia + amount of taper.
Amount of taper is equal to 1k, so total
taper equals lk. d = small diameter
k = unit length of taper
D = d + total taper l = total length of taper
D = d + l/k D = large diameter

105
 Using the compound Slide
• Taper: D1  D2
tan  
2L
 Taper Turning Calculation
• Calculate tailstock offset required to turn a
1:30 taper X 60 mm long on a workpiece
300 mm long. The small diameter of
tapered section is 20 mm.
 question
• Determine the angle at which the
compound rest would be swiveled for
cutting a taper on a workpiece having a
length of 150 mm and outside diameter
80 mm. The smallest diameter on the
tapered end of the rod should be 50 mm
and the required length of the tapered
portion is 80 mm.
 Using the compound slide
• Calculate the taper angle for the following:
D  40 D  50
d  20 d  20
OL  105 OL  100
l  50 l  40

D  ? D  60
d  20
d  30
OL  100
l  40 OL  120
K  1 : 10 l  60