Ch.

3
Evaluating Properties
Phase and Pure Substance

The term phase refers to a quantity of matter that is homogeneous

throughout in both chemical composition and physical structure.

Homogeneity in physical structure means that the matter is all solid, or

all liquid, or all vapor (or equivalently all gas).

A system can contain one or more phases.

A pure substance is one that is uniform and invariable in chemical

composition. A pure substance can exist in more than one phase, but
its chemical composition must be the same in each phase.
Fixing the State
The intensive state of a closed system at equilibrium is its condition as
described by the values of its intensive thermodynamic properties.

These properties should be independent on each other.

The state principle: A general rule has been developed as a guide in

determining the number of independent properties required to fix the state
of a system.

Simple compressible systems: A system needs any two independent

intensive thermodynamic properties to fix its state.
A state at which a phase change begins or ends is called a saturation state.

The domeshaped region composed of the two-phase liquid–vapor states is

called the vapor dome.

At the top of the dome, where the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines
meet, is the critical point.

The critical temperature Tc of a pure substance is the maximum temperature

at which liquid and vapor phases can coexist in equilibrium. The pressure at
the critical point is called the critical pressure, pc. The specific volume at this
state is the critical specific volume. (Tables A-1).
Liquid States

Subcooled liquid states because the temperature at these states is less than the
saturation temperature at the given pressure.

Compressed liquid states because the pressure at each state is higher than the
saturation pressure corresponding to the temperature at the state.

Two-Phase Liquid–Vapor Mixture

For a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture, the ratio of the mass of vapor present to
the total mass of the mixture is its quality, x.
Vapor States

superheated vapor state because the system would be at a temperature

greater than the saturation temperature corresponding to the given pressure.
Vapor and Liquid Tables
linear interpolation
let us determine the specific volume of water vapor at a state where p = 10
bar and T = 215C.
Ex. consider a system consisting of a two-phase liquid–vapor
mixture of water at 100C and a quality of 0.9. Calculate the specific
volume of the mixture ?
From Table A-2 at 100C, vf = 1.0435x10-3 m3/kg and vg = 1.673 m3/kg.
Ex. Determine the pressure of water at each of three states
defined by a temperature of 100C and specific volumes,
respectively, of v1 = 2.434 m3/kg, v2 = 1.0 m3/kg, and v3 = 1.0423x10-
3
m3/kg. From Table A-2:
Two tanks are connected by a valve. One tank contains 2 kg of
carbon monoxide gas at 77C and 0.7 bar. The other tank holds 8
kg of the same gas at 27C and 1.2 bar. The valve is opened and
the gases are allowed to mix while receiving energy by heat
transfer from the surroundings. The final equilibrium temperature
is 42C. Using the ideal gas model with constant Cv, determine
(a) the final equilibrium pressure, in bar,
(b) the heat transfer for the process, in kJ.
Complete the following table for H2O:

T(c ) P(kPa) h (kJ/kg) x Phase

description

200 0.7

140 1800

950 0.0

80 500 ----------

800 3162.2 -------------

T(c ) P(kPa) v (m3/kg) Phase
description

140 0.05

550 Sat. liquid

125 750

0.140
500
Two tanks initially separated by a partition contain steam at different
states. Now the partition is removed and they are allowed to mix until
equilibrium is established. If the kinetic and potential energy changes are
zero and the final pressure is 300 kPa, determine:
1. The temperature of the steam at the final state.
2. The quality of the steam at the final state
3. The amount of heat lost from the tanks.
An 80-L vessel contains 4kg of refrigerant gas (R-134a) at a pressure of
160kPa. If the refrigerant in the saturated mixture region, determine:

1. The temperature of the refrigerant.

2. The quality.
3. The specific internal energy of the mixture.
4. The volume occupied by the vapour phase.