COLON IA LIS M

TOPIC 3
 INTRODUCTION

• Colonialism is a bad thing or a disaster that happens to weak countries that are easily
deceived by the tactics of powerful countries.

• Colonization is the domination of a country over other countries and races. colonialism
also comes from the word colony.

• According to the Collins dictionary, colony means a country dominated by a more

powerful country.

• The term colonialism is also a form of coercion to dominate or exploit everything. These
colonized territories or states are ruled through direct or indirect conquest or conciliatory
diplomacy.
 EUROPEAN EXPLORATION
• Muslim navigators such as Al-Mas'udi, Ibn Battutah and Ibn Jubayr sailed and wrote
about their adventures.

• al-Mas'udi in the 10th century wrote in his book titled Murui al-Dhahab stating that he
had visited several areas in the Malay Peninsula (mazidah ismail, 1999/2000).

• Ibn Jubayr, Muhammad bin Ahmad, Al-Kinani from Andalus appeared in the 12th century
and wrote his work entitled Rihlah ibn Jubayr or the journey of Ibn Jubayr. his work has
been translated into English entitled The Travels of Ibn Jubayr which tells of his voyage
to Granada to the Island of Crete, via the coast of Alexandria, Damascus and Acre.
• Ibn Batutah appeared in the 14th century successfully traveling the world starting from
Tanjah to India, from India to Southeast Asia and finally to China. His posts cover
political and administrative, economic and social fields.

• Portuguese sources state that Ibn Majid had a complete sea map and other equipment
including a compass.

• Ahmad bin Majid's famous work is Huwayat al-Ikhtisar Fi Usul Ibn Al-Bihar which means
"a brief discussion about the origin of knowledge in the sea" as a guide for sailors
including Europeans who sail to the east.

• Western imperialism in the 19th and 20th centuries aimed to expand its colonial territory
and world political power.
PROMOTING FACTORS OF COLONIALISM
Etnocentrism

Gold Jingoism

Religion
Glory
• The first factor that promotes colonialism is ethnocentrism which means a convincing
belief that one's own race is superior to other races. This belief promotes the attitude of
looking down on other races as weak, uncivilized and undignified.

• The second factor is Jingoism, which is the belief that one's race is superior to other
races in the world. It can trigger extreme actions that threaten human rights. The
element of jingoism also causes the implementation of cruel and tyrannical policies on
the weak nation. This fanatical patriotism for one's own nation has triggered many war
policies, ethnic cleansing movements such as in Bosnia by the Serbs and Apartheid
policies
• The religious factor is the competition to expand the influence of the sects found in
Christianity. It also highlights the role of God to develop Christianity. Imperialist powers
think they have a religious mission to save humanity from darkness such as oppression
and social injustice in backward countries. the mission of the white man burden as the
savior of mankind, that is, the Christian missionaries play a role in developing
Christianity around the world.

• The aspect of Glory, which is seeking fame, it is the goal of the imperialist power to
control as wide a colony as possible. For example, the control over Malacca allowed the
colonialists to control the main trade route for traders in the Straits of Malacca.
• The mineral wealth and natural products of the countries in the Malay Archipelago
contributed to the expansion of power and western imperialism. Malaya has become
famous with the title of golden chersoneves or suvarnabhumi which describes the
products of the earth such as a lot of gold and tin.

• sources of raw materials such as gold (wealth) such as tin, spices, forest and agricultural
products and everything that can generate a good income for them.

• An introduction to the modern economy was also introduced such as rubber plants,
coffee, infrastructure such as the telegraph, road and railway transport systems and
various facilities. This also contributed to the influx of many foreign immigrants,
especially from China and India as the main source of energy
 COLONIALISM IN MALAYSIA
PORTUGUESE COLONIALISM

• The war between Portugal and Malacca broke out on August 24, 1511.
• It was because the Portuguese made a mess in the country and their envoys were arrested.
As a result, in 1510 Portugal sent 4 ships to negotiate the liberation of the Portuguese.

• However,Alfonso d' Albuquerque acted by bringing 18 warships to Malacca with 800

Portuguese soldiers and 600 Malabar archers.

• The attempt to recapture Malacca by Sultan Mahmud and his people was unsuccessful.
• The Portuguese administrative system in Malacca is adapted to the current
requirements, which means that three positions in the administrative system of the
Malay government of Malacca, namely the treasurer, temenggung and shahbandar, are
maintained.

• Import taxes levied on goods brought by foreign ships are estimated at 6% to 10% of the
value of the traded goods.

• The impact on the colonization also led to the emergence of the Serani community of
Portuguese descent. Many Portuguese men married local Malay women who produced
descendants called casados.
DUTCH OCCUPATION

• In the years 1595-1601 AD, there were more than 60 Dutch ships that managed to reach
Gerisik, Ambon, Aceh, Banda and so on and opened trading companies on the island.

• The various types of Dutch companies found in the Malay Archipelago were
consolidated into the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Betawi became the main
trading and administrative center of the Netherlands.

• The siege of Malacca for 6 months caused the inhabitants of the city to experience
starvation and forced the Portuguese to surrender.

• The Dutch forbade the spread of Catholic Christianity in order not to compete with the
Protestant sect.
• The war that broke out between the Netherlands and Aceh, Perak and Johor threatened
their security.

• The Netherlands was finally unable to focus on Melaka which caused it to make an
agreement with the British, the Anglo-Dutch Agreement of 1824.

• Melaka was then handed over to the British and the Dutch controlled the countries in the
Indonesian archipelago, thus ending the Dutch power for 183 years.
BRITISH OCCUPATION

• The signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty on March 17, 1824 gave the British the power to
control Malaya and the Dutch to control Indonesia.

• The Resident System was first introduced in Malaya with the Pangkor Agreement in
1874. In 1895 Sir Frank Swettenham discussed with the Sultans of Perak, Selangor,
Pahang and Negeri Sembilan to establish the Federated Malay States (NNMB).

• While other states such as Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis formed a systematic
government called Non-Aligned Malay States (NMTB).

• The three main groups namely Penang, Malacca and Singapore were placed under the
government known as the Straits Settlements.
JAPANESE OCCUPATION

• Japan established itself in Malaya on December 8, 1941 in Kota Bharu and within a week the
whole of West Malaysia and Singapore were successfully controlled. Here are some strategies
for Japan's success in winning the Second World War:

• (i) Pan-Asian understanding which is a propaganda among the Asian community. This concept
is known as the "East Asia Prosperity District".

• (ii) Military espionage known as "Kosaku" that is using its citizens who reside here as the main
information agent.

• (iii)
Impersonating a villager with character and working as a businessman, barber, grocer,
photographer, doctor, teacher, rubber plantation and tin mine operator and so on without the
public being aware of it. They are known as "kelentong" (Arshad Ibrahim, 1982/83).

• (iv) schools established to train young men for the goal of colonization to the south. they are
taught about intelligence and English and Malay language skills.
(v) espionage movement there is an intelligence unit known as "dora nowa" or military
research department. they obtain information on enemy troop positions, equipment,
weapons, medical supplies, supplies and geographic information.
(vi) military project known as harimao (tiger). The activities of these tigers are banditry,
intelligence and military which are more anti-British.
(vii) an alliance with the Malays who functioned as guides and translators when the
Japanese soldiers came to attack. then the Japanese cooperated with Malay leaders such
as Ibrahim Yaakob and this secret alliance was known as "kame" (tortoise).
(viii) an alliance with Thailand to make it easier for them to enter the Malay Peninsula. this
country is also the main place to land Japanese soldiers.
• On February 15, 1942, General Percival signed a letter of surrender at Bukit Timah,
Singapore.

• Japan's success has opened the eyes of the Malays to stand up against the power of
western imperialism and free themselves from their grip.

• Japanese rule over Malaya ended when the atomic bombs were dropped on Nagasaki
and Hiroshima. Subsequently, Japan's dominance over other countries was also
destroyed and retaken by the British in 1945.
 IMPACT OF BRITISH COLONIZATION
• The British controlled all Malayan economies, especially the production of raw materials
such as tin, rubber and food crops.

• High demand for rubber to produce items such as vehicle tires, shoes, electrical
insulation and the like.

• The introduction of cash crops such as black pepper, sugarcane and coffee has been
actively carried out.

• The economic effect is the opening of vast farms to get a good yield.
• The demand for labor has increased and encouraged the influx of many laborers from
China to work in the tin mines and they are located in urban areas. bekerja di lombong-
lombong bijih timah dan mereka ditempatkan di kawasan bandar.
• As a result, the activities of illegal partners and prostitution appeared.
• While labor from India is used in the rubber plantations and lives in the estates provided.
• Traditional economy to modern economy
• Profits for immigrants and the marginalized Malay community
• Economic results due to colonists and immigrants dominating the economy.
• Economic introduction and settlement by race.
• Development is not directly for Malaya but is enjoyed by the British and immigrants.
• The Malay community is still in poverty and lives in rural areas.
• They have been blocked from participating in import export economic activities and are
only involved as smallholders and cultivating food crops.

• They remain in a subsistence economy for example crops and livestock such as cows,
buffaloes, goats and the like as a source of food and daily sustenance.

• Malay kings and dignitaries no longer have the economic power they once had in the
fields of plantations, mining and business.

• The king remains the main authority in matters of Islamic religion and Malay customs.
• The secular government system was implemented by the British after the formation of
the Federated Malay States (NNMB) in 1895 and the Non-Federated Malay States
(NMTB) such as Kelantan (1910), Johor (1914), Terengganu (1919), Kedah (1923) and
Perlis (1930).

• Finally a secular government was born with its rule based on British law.
• This phenomenon also contributes in terms of material progress, social institutions
(family and society), hedonism and many other things that have influenced the mental
and spiritual aspects of the Malay people.
• The secular government system was implemented by the British after the formation of
the Federated Malay States (NNMB) in 1895 and the Non-Federated Malay States
(NMTB) such as Kelantan (1910), Johor (1914), Terengganu (1919), Kedah (1923) and
Perlis (1930).

• Finally a secular government was born with its rule based on British law.
• This phenomenon also contributes in terms of material progress, social institutions
(family and society), hedonism and many other things that have influenced the mental
and spiritual aspects of the Malay people.
 CONCLUSION

• The Malays received a great impact until now, especially the low standard of living due
to the policy of "divide and rule" by the British.

• The policies introduced by the British changed the feudal administrative system to
elections and democracy.

• Ethnic unity is an important agenda towards the well-being of Malaysia.