GRADE 11 -

SOLIDARITY
Logical
Operators
Bayno Baguhin Bersano Cabanog
Juanico Maradia Rapas
LOGICAL
OPERATO
RS
 By The End Of This Lesson, The
Students Would Be Able To:
01 02 03
Recognize Execute different Define logical operators;
different types of types of operations negation, conjunction,
logical operators on propositions disjunction, conditional
and biconditional
 Review:
Truth Value
And Truth
Tables
Truth Truth Table of a simple statement

Value And
is either true (T) or false (F)

Truth Truth Value of a compound statement

Tables
depends on the truth values of its simple statements and its
connectives

Truth Table
is a table that shows the truth value of a compound statement
for all possible truth values of its simple statements
Example 1 : Since a proposition has two
possible truth values.
a number of 2 propositions
n a b
T
F Truth Values
2 propositions
2
2 =4
T T
F T
number of rows T F

number of rows F F
Example 1 : Since a proposition has
two possible truth values. a b c
T T T
number of 3 propositions
n
2 propositions F T T
3 T F F
2 =8
F F F
number of rows T F T

number of rows T T F
F T F
F F T
Introduction:
Logical
Operators
What is
LOGIC?
Basic mathematical
logics
conjunction negation
disconjunction
conditional
biconditional
NEGATION
 NEGATION (NOT/~)
•Gives the “opposite” statement of the
given statement
•Also known as “not” denoted as “~”
True false
False true
Input Output

A Negation A
(∼A)
T F

F T
 Example 1:
•Write the negation for the given two statements
A: x is an even number
Solution:
B: x is a prime number
A: x is not an even number

B: x is not a prime number

 Rule for Obtaining the
Negation of a Statement
1. Write the given statement with “not”.
For example, the sum of 2
and 2 is 4. The negation of
2. Make suitable modifications, if the
the given statement is “the
statements involve the word “All” and
sum of 2 and 2 is not 4”.
“Some”.
For example, “some horses are not
brown”. The negation of the given
statement is “All horses are brown”.
 Practice Problems
Write the negation for the
following sentences:
1. Line a is parallel to line b.
2. Some prime numbers are odd.
3. 3+3 = 6.
4. All irrational numbers are real
numbers.
5. No student is lazy.
 Practice Problems
Write the negation for the
following sentences:
1. Line a is not parallel to line b.
2. all prime numbers are odd.
3. 3+3 /= 6.
4. some irrational numbers are real
numbers.
5. No student is not lazy.
CONJUNCTIO
N
 CONJUNCTION
(AND/^)
We can join two statements by “AND”
operand.
It is also known as a conjunction. A B A^B
^ and F T F
 It has two or more inputs but only T F F
one output. T T T
F F F
 Example 1:
Write the truth table values of
conjunction for the given two statements
A: p is divisible by 2 Solution:
  Given: A: P is divisible by 2
B: p is divisible by 3 B: P is divisible by 3
P VALUE A B A^B
12 T T T
4 T F F
9 F T F
7 F F F
DISCONJUNCTIO
N
 DISCONJUNCTION (V/0R)
We can join two statements by
an “or” operand.
It is also known as a disconjunction. A B AVB
v OR F T T
 It has two or more inputs but only T F T
one output. T T T
F F F
 Example 1:
Write the truth table values of
disconjunction for the given two statements
Solution:
A: q is a multiple of 2
  Given: A: q is a multiple of 2
B: q is a multiple of 5
B: q is a multiple of 5
Q VALUE A B A^B
4 T F T
15 F T T
19 F F F
20 T T T
PRACTICE
 Let p, q, and r be the following
propositions
P: Victor has a date with Liza.
Q: John is sleeping.
R: Lance is eating.
Express the following propositions in English sentences or in symbols, as the case
may be.
a) p V q
b) q V (~r)
c) p V ( q V r )
d) Either Victor has a date with Liza or John is sleeping, or Lance is
eating.
e) Either Victor has a date with Liza, or John is sleeping or Lance is
eating.
 Let p, q, and r be the following
propositions
P: Victor has a date with Liza.
Q: John is sleeping.
R: Lance is eating.
Solution:
a) Victor has a date with Liza or John is sleeping.
b) Either John is sleeping, or Lance is not eating.
c) Either Victor has a date with Liza, or John is sleeping or Lance is
eating.
d) ( p V q ) V r.
e) P V ( q ^ r ).
CONDITIONA
L
 CONDITIONAL ( )
The conditional of a proposition a and b is
denoted by a - b
A  B , is read as ‘if A, then B’
Or read as ‘A implies B’
AB A B AB
conclusion
F T T
hypothesis
T F F
T T T
F F T
 Example 1
Suppose that Saya is a grade 11 student. Consider the following
conditionals.
P1: If Saya is in grade 11, then she is a senior high school student.
P2: If Saya is in grade 11, then she is working as a lawyer.
P3: If Saya has a degree in computer science then she A B AB
believes in true love.
T T T
Analyze the truth values of these conditionals.
Solution. T F F
P1: p1 is true, as the first row of the truth table asserts. F T T
P2: p2 is false, as the second row of truth table indicated.
P3: According to the last two rows of the truth table, p3 is true
F F T
regardless of the truth value of its conclusion.
BICONDITIONAL
 BICONDITIONAL ( )
The conditional of a proposition a and b is
denoted by a  b
a  b , is read as ‘a, if and only if b’
Or read as ‘a iff b’
A B AB
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
 Example 1
Suppose that Saya is a grade 11 student. Consider the following
conditionals.
P1: If Saya is in grade 11, then she is a senior high school student.
P2: If Saya is in grade 11, then she is working as a lawyer.
P3: If Saya has a degree in computer science then she
A B AB
believes in true love.
Analyze the truth values of these conditionals. T T T
Solution. T F F
P1: both simple components of p1 are true. Hence, the biconditional is
true, according to the first row of the truth table.
F T F
P2: the biconditional is false as the second row of the table indicates F F T
P3: the biconditional is false
 LESSON SUMMARY
•Truth tables of simple statements are either true or false.
•To solve for number of rows, we use 2 to the nth power, where n is the number of
propositions.
•Negation gives us the opposite of the statement and is denoted by (~).
•Conjunction is read as ‘and‘ , where if any one of he statement is false the result
will be false. Denoted by (^).
•Disconjunction is read as ‘or’ , where if any one of the statements is true, the
results will be true. Denoted by (V).
•We use commas and parentheses to separate groups.
•Conditional is read as ‘ if a, then b’, and denoted by ().
•Biconditional is read as ‘ a, if and only if b’, and denoted by ().
MEMBERS
Bayno, Hannah Faye P.

Bersano, Don Don C.

Cabañog, Christine Alexa A.

Juanico, Marjocel F.

Maradia, Job Jr. A.

Rapas, Danica Rose C.