Communication SYSTEM (EE-344)

Week 2
Muhammad Faisal
muhammad.faisal@riphah.edu.pk
Lecturer, FEAS
B-208
RIPHAH International University, Islamabad
Book

Modern Digital & Analog Communication Systems

(3rd Edition) by B.P. Lathi
Text Book

 Introduction to Analog & Digital Communications,

2nd ed. S. Haykin and M. Moher,, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
2007
Reference Book
 Continuous – Time &
Discrete – Time SIGNALS
Continues time Signal:
A signal that is specified for every value of time t is called continuous time signal
Discrete time Signal:
A signal that is specified only at discrete value of time t is called discrete time signal
 Analog & Digital SIGNALS
Analog Signal:
A signal whose amplitude can take any value in continuous range is called analog signal.
Digital Signal:
A Digital signal on other hand is one whose amplitude can take on only finite number of values
example of a digital computer can only take two values (binary).
 Classification of Signal

Continuous – Time & Discrete – Time SIGNALS.

Analog & Digital SIGNALS.
Periodic & Aperiodic SIGNALS.
Energy & Power SIGNALS.
Deterministic & Probabilistic SIGNALS.
 Periodic & Aperiodic SIGNALS
Periodic Signal:
A signal is a periodic signal if it completes a pattern within a measurable time frame,
called a period and repeats that pattern over identical subsequent periods.
Aperiodic Signal:
Aperiodic signals, whose frequency components do change over time. In other words,
pretty much all sound signals.
 Energy & Power SIGNALS
Energy Signals

Power Signals
 Deterministic & Random SIGNALS
Deterministic Signal:
A signal whose physical description is known completely, either mathematically or
graphically is said to be deterministic signal.
Random Signal:
if a signal is known only in terms of probabilistic description such as mean value,
mean square value rather than its complete mathematics is said to be random signal
 Some Useful Signal Operations

Time – Shifting.
Time – Scaling.
Time Inversion (Time Reversal).
Time – Shifting
Time – Scaling
Time Inversion (Time Reversal)
 Question
Plot g(3t) for the given g(t)
 Question
Plot z(t/2) for the given z(t)
 Question
Plot g(t) for the given g(-t)
Unit Impulse Function
 Unit Impulse Function
Sampling, Shifting Property
Unit Step Function
 Signals & Vector
Component of vector:
Cont.…
Signals & Vector
Cont.…
Question
Signal Comparison: CORRELATION
For Vectors:

For Signals:
QUESTION
Solution
Signal Comparison: CORRELATION
Applications:
Signal Detection
Signal Power Analysis
Equipment Testing

Auto-Correlation Function:
Question
Fourier Transform Representation of
Periodic Signals

We often want to use frequency representations of

power signals, typically periodic signals with a Fourier
series representation

In other words, a complex exponential of frequency f1

can be represented in the frequency domain with an
impulse at f1.
Fourier Transform Representation of
Periodic Signals Contd.

Fourier transform of a periodic signal is represented as

Important: Throughout the remainder of the text the

spectrum of a periodic signal will be plotted using
lines with arrows at the top to represent the delta
functions.
 Linear Time-Invariant Systems
Electronic systems are often characterized by the
input/output relations

What is a Linear Systems?

 A system is linear if weighted sum of inputs lead to weighted
sum of responses of the system to those inputs
What is a Time-invariant System?
A system is time-invariant (TI) if its behavior does not depend
on what time it is
Linear Time-Invariant Systems Contd.
Definition: A linear system is one in which
superposition holds, i.e.,

A time-invariant system is one in which a time shift in

the input only changes the output by a time shift, i.e.,
 Linear Time-Invariant Systems Contd.
An LTI system is described completely by an impulse
response, h(t).
The output of the linear system is the convolution of the input
signal with the impulse response,

In frequency domain:

Output Energy Spectrum

 Linear Time-Invariant Systems Contd.
For a periodic input signal the output of the LTI system will
be a periodic signal of the same period
The Fourier series representation of

The output of an LTI system with a periodic input will also

be periodic.
 What is Fourier Series?
Importance??????