Basic Child's Needs

Basic child's needs:
Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

1
MSc ,PhD in pediatric nursing

Basic child's needs:
1. Nutritional requirements
2. Immunization
3. Play
4. Accident prevention and child Safety

2
• Nutrition and feeding for newborn and infancy period
• There are two type of feeding (breast milk feeding and
formula)

3
Facts on breast feed child
• infant and young child feeding About 2 million child deaths could
be prevented every year through optimal breastfeeding.
• Exclusively breastfed infants have at least 2½ times fewer illness
episodes than infants fed breast-milk substitutes.
• Infants are as much as 25 times more likely to die from diarrhea in
the first 6 months of life if not exclusively breastfed.

• Among children under one year, those who are not breastfed are 3
times more likely to die of respiratory infection than those who are
exclusively breastfed
4
• Infants exclusively breastfed for 4 or more months have half the
mean number of acute otitis media episodes of those not breastfed
at all.
• In low-income communities, the cost of cow’s milk or powdered
milk, plus bottles, teats, and fuel for boiling water, can consume 25
to 50% of a family’s income.
• Breastfeeding contributes to natural birth spacing, providing 30%
more protection against pregnancy than all the organized family

planning programmes in the developing world.
5
• The peak period of malnutrition is between 6 and 28 months of age.

• Malnutrition contributes to about half of under-five mortality and a
third of this is due to faulty feeding practices.
•

6
Breastfeeding and complementary feeding terms
and definitions :
• EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING :the infant takes only

breast milk and no additional food, water, or other fluids with
the exception of medicines and vitamin or mineral drops.
• PARTIAL BREASTFEEDING or MIXED FEEDING: the infant is

given some breast feeds and some artificial feeds, either milk
or cereal, or other food or water.
• BOTTLE-FEEDING: the infant is feeding from a bottle,
regardless of its contents, including expressed breast milk
7
Breastfeeding and complementary feeding terms
and definitions
• ARTIFICIAL FEEDING: the infant is given breast milk substitutes
and not breastfeeding at all.
• REPLACEMENT FEEDING: the process of feeding a child of an
HIV-positive mother who is not receiving any breast milk with
a diet that provides all the nutrients the child needs.

• COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING: the process of giving an infant
food in addition to breast milk or infant formula, when either
becomes insufficient to satisfy the infant's nutritional
requirements
8
9

BREAST FEEDING
• Exclusive till 6 months of age
• Species specific - suitable, natural, warm, free of
bacteria and readily available.
• Colostrum - rich in antibodies. Baby develops
immunity of the lifetime

• Contains easily digestible proteins and fats.
• Very rich in vitamins compared to cow’s milk
• Stimulates development of personality and
behavior ( brain dev./ cognitive dev.)
10
Benefits of breast milk:
• Breast milk BM contains the perfect balance
of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
• BM supplies essential nutrients in an easily
digestible form
• BM is a rich source of linoleic acid (essential
fatty acid) and cholesterol which are needed

for brain development
• BM contains immune factors that protect
infants from infection
• Breast feeding help the uterus to contract and
return to its former size and position
11
• Breast feeding strength the infant-mothers
bonding and mother- infant bonding
give breast fed infant an iron supplement

after age 4 months
breast fed infant should take vitamin D to
avoid rickets, commercial formula already is

fortified with vitamin D
ideally don’t give solid food for the first 6
months , Before age 6 months tolerates GI tract for solid food is
poor
12
Artificial feeding
• This is the feeding of infant when he gets cow’s or buffalo’s
milk or formula from first days till 4th to 6th month of his life.

13
• Formula milks are humanized, i.e., they come very close to the
composition of breast milk.
• However, they are more expensive, so cow’s
or buffalo’s milk are quite often used.

• after age 12 months change from formula to regular whole

milk until age 2 years
14
There are several reasons why a
mother may not breastfeed her baby
1. Medical or other health reasons may prevent a mother from
breastfeeding.
2. The baby with special requirements may not tolerate breast
milk.

3. Some social or psychological reasons can make it more

difficult to breastfeed exclusively.
15
WEANING
• Process of introducing semi-liquid to semi-solid foods other than breast
milk..
• Consistency, frequency of food, calorie density and nutrient density
need to be monitored closely.
• Food preparation should be in hygienic way

16
Critical/ crucial period - each month is different till
one year of age.
• Weaning at proper time
• Transition from liquid to solids - gradual
• Frequency from 10 feeds per day (breast feeding) to 6-7 feeds per day -
gradual
• Amount of food to be offered at a time eg; when the child is small----

can manage small amount of feeds each time ----- frequency is high
17
• give rice cereal as the first solid food, followed
by any other cereal except wheat
• provide foods with sufficient protein, such as
meat, after age 6 months
• Introduce one new food at a time: wait 4-7
days before introducing the other new food, to

determine the infant's tolerance to it and the

potential for allergy.
18
Immunization
: is the process of inducing
• Immunization
immunity agents for a specific disease.
• Immunity: is the ability to destroy and remove a specific

antigen (foreign material) from the body, the acquisition of

immunity can be passive or active.
Vaccines: is the microorganisms administered to prevent
infectious disease.
• Classification of vaccines is based on the characteristics of the
antigen. Antigen may be viral or bacterial, antigen may be live
attenuated (weakened) or killed (inactivated
19
Immunity
Types of Acquired

20

Age Vaccine
1ST WKS-2ND BCG-OPV-HBV
WKS
2 MONTH OPV-HBV-ROTA-Hib-IPV-DPT-PCV
4 MONTH OPV-ROTA-Hib-IPV-DPT-PCV

6 MONTH OPV-HBV-ROTA-Hib-IPV-DPT-PCV
9 MONTH MEASLES
15 MONTH MMR
18 MONTH OPV- Hib-IPV-DPT booster dose
4 YEAR-6 OPV-DPT-IPV-MMR booster dose
YEAR
21
22

• BCG bacille Calmette–Guérin –tuber celosis
• OPV oral polio vaccine against- poliomailaitis
• HBV hepatitis B vaccine against- hepatitisB
• ROTA rotavirus- gastroenteritis
• Hib Haemophilus influenzae type b
• DPT diphtheria pertusis tetanus
• MEASLES

• MMR measles mumps rubella
• Pneumococcal / pneumonia
23
What is herd immunity?
• The indirect protection from infection of susceptible members
of the population, and the protection of the population as a
whole, which is brought about by the presence of immune
individuals

24
Play
• Play in childhood period is not only fun, it’s one of the most
important ways you can nurture development and
development.
• Play: Is universal language of children and one of the most

important forms of communication of children. Play also can

be defined as a work or businesses of the child.
25
Click
Me!!
Learning Through Play
• Children learn through play

by:
• Imitating (adults and other
children)

• Observing

• Experiencing
• Discovering/exploring
• Using one’s senses (touching,
hearing,
seeing, tasting, smelling)
.
• Play according to age:
• Infant engage in solitary play :he or she does not share with
other infants
• Toddler engage in parallel play
• Preschool: associative Play

• School age : Cooperative play , Also enjoy solitary
activities including board, card, video, and computer game
• Adolescents: Sport and physical fitness
27
Characteristics of Play
• Children enjoy play
• There is flexibility in purpose
• Children seek out opportunities to play
• There is a non-realistic aspect to play

28
Types of Play
1. Sensory/manipulative/object play and
physical play

2. Constructive play
3. Dramatic /Fantasy or symbolic play
4. Games with rules 29

Guidelines for selection toy
• select toys that suit the skills, abilities, and interests of
children
• for infants, toddlers and all children who still mouth objects,
avoid toys with small parts that may pose fatal choking
hazard or aspiration hazard
• for all children avoid toy with sharp, have rough edges or
small movable parts
• avoid flammable toys

• avoid play with beads, coins
• make certain that material in toys are non toxic
• avoid toys with any shooting or throwing objects that can
injure eyes
• avoid toys that make loud noises that might be damaging to
a child hearing
30
Safety guidelines for newborn
• Always support an infants head
• Never leave the infant on high place
• Use car seats properly
• Check the temperature of formula and food, we should feel
lukewarm when a few drops are placed on the caregiver's skin,
especially inner wrist area

• Do not worm formula, breast milk in microwave
• Remove harm full items (pins, small object,…)from infant
environment to avoid aspiration
• Insert safety plugs in wall outlet
• Use gates across stairways and other dangerous area
• Place infants in supine for sleep to decrease the risk of sudden
infant death syndrome
31
Safety guidelines for toddler:
• Promoting safety (in care, in & out home, )

• Promoting nutrition (by given breastfeeding, bottle feeding,
healthy nutrition )

• Promoting healthy sleep and rest: total sleep require 12-14

hours/day
• Promoting healthy teeth and gums
• Provide appropriate play according to their age
32
Safety guidelines for preschool age :
• Promoting safety (in care, in & out home, )

• Promoting nutrition (by given healthy nutrition )
hours/day

• Preventing the development of over weight and obesity

• Promoting healthy teeth and gums
• Sharing the child in appropriate physical activities
• Learning some important rules in side home and out side
home
33
Safety guidelines for school age:
• Promoting safety (in care, in & out home and in school )

• Promoting nutrition (by given healthy nutrition high in
protein ,vitamins and calcium and low in fat & sugar )
hours/day

• Preventing the development of over weight and obesity
• Promoting healthy teeth and gums by brush their teeth 2-3
times/day for 3 minutes each time
• Giving some health tip regarding good health
• Sharing the child in appropriate physical activities
• Learning some important rules in side home and out side home 34
Safety guidelines for Adolescent
• motor vehicle accident, and driving are primary cause of mortality
and morbidity, car safety information is essential at this age
• Sex education must be provided for both adolescent and their
parents
• Concept of personal responsibility and respect for others
• Discuss safe sex to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted
diseases

• Smoking, drug abuse ,and alcohol abuse: are common risk
behaviors of adolescent,
35
• Suicide: other cause of death among adolescent:
• Warning signs of adolescent suicide
• Frequent talk about death or hopelessness
• Dramatic mood changes
• Sadness

• Loss of interest in friends or activities
• Withdrawn (lonely)
• Behavioral changes that suggest alcohol or drug abuse
• Giving away of possessions
36

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Basic child's needs:

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

MSc ,PhD in pediatric nursing

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

• EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING :the infant takes only

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

MSc ,PhD in pediatric nursing

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

give breast fed infant an iron supplement

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

MSc ,PhD in pediatric nursing

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

MSc ,PhD in pediatric nursing

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

MSc ,PhD in pediatric nursing

• Immunity: is the ability to destroy and remove a specific

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

MSc ,PhD in pediatric nursing

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

MSc ,PhD in pediatric nursing

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

MSc ,PhD in pediatric nursing

Learning Through Play

• Children learn through play

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

MSc ,PhD in pediatric nursing

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

3. Dramatic /Fantasy or symbolic play

4. Games with rules 29

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

• Promoting safety (in care, in & out home, )

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

MSc ,PhD in pediatric nursing

• Promoting safety (in care, in & out home, )

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

MSc ,PhD in pediatric nursing

• Promoting safety (in care, in & out home and in school )

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

Dr Awayi Ghazy Abdulkareem/

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Basic Child's Needs

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