4 Partial Loss of Prestress

Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A.
Dionisio, RCE
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City Structural Engineer
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Instructor’s Profile
Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio
Licensed Civil Engineer
Faculty Member
Technological Institute of the Philippines- Quezon City Campus
Cubao, Quezon City
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, 2015

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
Intramuros, Manila
Master of Science in Civil Engineering

major in Structural Engineering (ongoing)
University of the Philippines- Diliman Campus
Diliman, Quezon City
e-mail: adamsroycedionisio@gmail.com
Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A. Dionisio, RCE
CE 513
Prestressed Concrete
Design
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References:
Nawy, E. G. (2010). Prestressed Concrete (5th Ed.). New
Jersey, USA: Pearson Prentice Hall.
References:
ACI Committee 318. Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-14) and Commentary
(ACI 318RM-14). Farmington Hills, MI: American
Concrete Institute.
References:
Concrete Institute.
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines.
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP C101-
15 Vol. I). Quezon City, Philippines: ASEP
References:
Concrete Institute.
Precast/ Prestressed Concrete Institute. PCI Design
Handbook (7th Ed.). USA: PCI
References:
Concrete Institute.
Post-Tensioning Institute. Post-Tensioning Manual (6th
Ed.). USA: PTI
References:
Concrete Institute.
Post-Tensioning Institute. Post-Tensioning Manual (6th
Ed.). USA: PTI
www.google.com (for some images)
References:
Concrete Institute.
American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications (AASHTO 2012). Washington, DC:
AASHTO.
Summary of previous Discussion
Basic Concept Method the stresses on concrete are found 𝑃 ( 𝑃𝑒)𝑐 𝑐 𝑀 𝑐 𝑐
𝑓 𝑐 =− + −
by the superposition of the stresses due to the axial 𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐
prestress force, moment resulting from the eccentricity of 𝑃 (𝑃𝑒)𝑐𝑡 𝑀 𝑐 𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 =− − +
the prestress force, and moment due to the external gravity 𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐
load.
𝑃 (𝑃𝑒 ′)𝑐 𝑐 𝑃 (𝑃𝑒 ′)𝑐 𝑡 C-Line Method the stresses on concrete are found by the
𝑓 𝑐 =− − 𝑓 𝑡 =− + superposition of the stresses due to the axial compressive
𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑐 force from concrete and the moment resulting from its
eccentricity.
Load-Balancing Method the stresses on concrete are found by the 𝑃 (𝑀 𝑢𝑏 )𝑐 𝑐 𝑃 ( 𝑀 𝑢𝑏 )𝑐 𝑡
superposition of the stresses due to the axial prestress force and 𝑓 𝑐 =− − 𝑓 𝑡 =− +
𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑐
the moment resulting from the unbalanced external gravity load.
Stages of Prestressing
Initial Prestressing (At transfer) the force resulting from jacking is transferred to the fully supported concrete
Initial Prestressing (At transfer) with Self-Weight the concrete experiences “camber”, thereby, making it
support its own weight
Service Load Condition the superimposed dead and live load is carried, but the tendons already experienced
prestressing losses
Intended Learning Outcome for this Discussion:
1. To understand the different losses in prestress that occur in a prestressed concrete element.
2. To apply the different losses in prestress when designing prestressed concrete elements.
Prestress Losses
Stages of Prestressing
Initial Prestressing (At transfer) Service Load Condition
𝑃=𝑃 𝑖 (𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠) 𝑃=𝑃 𝑒 (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠)
𝑀=0(𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠) 𝑀=𝑀 𝐷𝐿 +𝑀 𝑆 𝐷𝐿 +𝑀 𝐿 𝐿 (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑇𝐷𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝐿𝐿)
Initial Prestressing (At transfer) with Self-Weight Ultimate Load Condition
𝑃=𝑃 𝑖 (𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠) 𝑃=𝑃 𝑒 (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠)
𝑀=𝑀 𝐷𝐿 (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ) 𝑀=𝑀 𝑢 (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠)
undergoes a progressive process of reduction
𝑃 −𝑗 ∆ 𝑃 𝑇 (𝑡 0 ,𝑡 𝑡𝑟 ) ¿ 𝑃 𝑖− ∆ 𝑃 𝑇 (𝑡 𝑡𝑟 ,𝑡 𝑠 ) ¿ 𝑃 𝑒 over a period of approximately five years.
𝑤 𝑤
𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑒 𝑃 𝑒 𝑃𝑗
Prestress Losses
Categories of Prestress Loss
immediate elastic loss during the fabrication or construction process, including elastic shortening of the
concrete, anchorage losses, and frictional losses.
time-dependent losses such as creep, shrinkage, and those due to temperature effects and steel relaxation,
all of which are determinable at the service-load limit state of stress in the prestressed concrete element.
an exact determination of the magnitude of these losses- particularly the time-
dependent ones- is not feasible, since they depend on a multiplicity of interrelated factors.
empirical methods of estimating losses differ with the different codes of
practice or recommendations, such as those of the Prestressed Concrete
Institute, the ACI-ASCE joint committee approach, and the AASHTO lump-sum
approach.
Prestress Losses
Code Provision for Prestress Losses
ACI 318M-14 NSCP C101-15
Prestress Losses
Lump-Sum Approach
(Nawy, 2010)
(Nawy, 2010)
includes elastic shortening, relaxation in the prestressing steel, creep, and

applicable only to routine, standard conditions of loading; normal concrete, quality
shrinkage
control, construction procedures, and environmental conditions; and the importance
and magnitude of the system.
Prestress Losses
𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒: (Nawy, 2010)

denotes “initial” For Pretensioned Members:
denotes the loading stage after jacking ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑇 =∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐸𝑆 +∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 +∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐶 𝑅 +∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑆𝐻
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 =∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 ( 𝑡 0 , 𝑡 𝑡𝑟 ) +∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 (𝑡 𝑡𝑟 ,𝑡 𝑠 )
For Post-tensioned Members:
time at jacking
time at transfer
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑇 =∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐴 +∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐹 +∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐸𝑆 +∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 +∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐶 𝑅 +∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑆𝐻
time at stabilized loss applicable only when tendons are jacked sequentially
Prestress Losses
For Pretensioned Members:
At jacking At transfer After transfer
𝑓 𝑝𝐽− ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 (𝑡 0 ,𝑡 𝑡𝑟 ) − ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆¿ 𝑓 𝑝𝑖 − ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 (𝑡 𝑡𝑟 , 𝑡 𝑠−) ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐶𝑅 (𝑡𝑡𝑟 , 𝑡 𝑠−) ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑆𝐻 (𝑡 𝑡𝑟 , 𝑡 𝑠)¿ 𝑓 𝑠𝑒
𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑒 𝑓 𝑝𝐽
Prestress Losses
For Pretensioned Members:
𝑓 𝑝𝐽− ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 (𝑡 0 ,𝑡 𝑡𝑟 ) − ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆¿ 𝑓 𝑝𝑖 − ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 (𝑡 𝑡𝑟 , 𝑡 𝑠−) ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐶𝑅 (𝑡𝑡𝑟 , 𝑡 𝑠−) ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑆𝐻 (𝑡 𝑡𝑟 , 𝑡 𝑠)¿ 𝑓 𝑠𝑒
For Post-tensioned Members:
𝑓 𝑝𝐽− ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐹 (if sequential jacking) − ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐴¿ 𝑓 𝑝𝑖 − ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 (𝑡 𝑡𝑟 , 𝑡 𝑠−) ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐶𝑅 (𝑡 𝑡𝑟 , 𝑡 𝑠−) ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑆𝐻 (𝑡 𝑡𝑟 ,𝑡 𝑠)¿ 𝑓 𝑠𝑒
𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑓 𝑝𝐽
Elastic Shortening of Concrete (ES)
concrete shortens when a (compressive) prestressing force is applied.
as the tendons that are bonded to the adjacent concrete simultaneously shorten, they lose part of the
𝑤
𝑃 𝐽 − ∆ 𝑃 𝑅 (𝑡 0 ,𝑡𝑡𝑟 )
𝑃 𝐽 − ∆ 𝑃 𝑅 (𝑡 0 ,𝑡𝑡𝑟 )
prestressing force that they carry. 𝑃 ( 𝑃𝑒)𝑐 𝑐 𝑀 𝑐 𝑐
For Pretensioned Elements: 𝑓 𝑐 =− + −
𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐
Concrete:
[ ]𝑓 𝛿
𝜖 = 𝜖 𝐸𝑆= 𝐸𝑆
𝐿
∆
𝐿 𝑓
𝐶
𝑒
[𝜎= 𝐸 𝜖] 𝑐 𝑠 =𝐸 𝑐𝑖 𝜖 𝐸𝑆𝜖 𝐸𝑆= 𝐸
𝑐𝑠
𝑐𝑖 𝑃 (𝑃𝑒)𝑐𝑡 𝑀 𝑐 𝑡
Prestressing Tendon: 𝑓 𝑡 =− − +
𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐
[𝜎= 𝐸 𝜖] ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 =𝐸𝑝𝑠 𝜖 𝐸𝑆 𝐿
prestressing ∆ 𝑤 ∆ 𝐸𝑆
tendon suffers the At transfer (w/ SW)@ midspan: 𝐸𝑆
𝑃 ( 𝑃 𝑒 ) 𝑒 𝑀𝑒 2 2
same magnitude 𝑓 𝑐𝑠 =− − +
of shortening as 𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐
the concrete
𝑃𝑖 𝑒 𝑃𝑖
𝑃=𝑃 𝐽 − ∆ 𝑃 𝑅 (𝑡 0 ,𝑡 𝑡𝑟 )
𝑀=𝑀 𝐷𝐿
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 =𝐸𝑝𝑠 ( )
𝑓𝑐𝑠
𝐸𝑐𝑖
¿ 𝑛 𝑓 𝑐𝑠 𝑃 ≈ 𝑃 𝐽 𝑜𝑟 0.9 𝑃 𝐽
Sample Problem
A pretensioned prestressed beam has a span of 15.2 m (50 ft) as shown. Calculate the concrete fiber stresses
at transfer at the centroid of the tendon for the midspan section of the beam, and the magnitude of loss in
prestress due to the effect of elastic shortening of the concrete. Assume that prior to transfer, the jacking force
on the tendon was .
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
= 10- 1/2 in. dia. 7-wire strand
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑝𝑠
At transfer (w/ SW) 𝑃 ( 𝑃 𝑒 ) 𝑒 𝑀𝑒 762
𝑓 𝑐𝑠 =− − + 𝑒= −101.6¿ 279.4 𝑚𝑚
@ midspan: 𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐 2
𝑃=𝑃 𝐽 − ∆ 𝑃 𝑅 (𝑡 0 ,𝑡 𝑡𝑟 ¿) 0.75 𝑓 𝑝𝑢 ( 𝐴𝑝𝑠 )¿ 0.75(1862)(10)(99)(10 )¿1382.535 𝑘𝑁
−3
( 𝛾 𝑐 𝐴𝑐 ) 𝑙2 ( 2 3.54 ) (381)(762)(10 −6 )(15.22)

𝑀=𝑀 𝐷𝐿¿
8
¿
8
¿ 1 97.371𝑘𝑁 ⋅𝑚
Sample Problem
on the tendon was .
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑝𝑠
At transfer (w/ SW) 𝑃 ( 𝑃 𝑒 ) 𝑒 𝑀𝑒
@ midspan:
𝑓 𝑐𝑠 =−
𝐴𝑐
−
𝐼𝑐
+
𝐼𝑐 ¿ 279.4 𝑚𝑚
2
1 , 382 ,535 ( 1,382,535 ) (279.4 ) 197.371 ( 10 ) (279.4)
6
¿1382.535 𝑘𝑁
𝑓 𝑐𝑠 =−
381(762)
−
381 ( 762 ) 3
+
381 ( 762 )3
¿ −8.519 𝑀𝑃𝑎(𝐶)
12 12 ¿ 1 97.371𝑘𝑁 ⋅𝑚
ACI 318M-14 College of Engineering and Architecture NSCP C101-15
Sample Problem
on the tendon was .
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑝𝑠
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 =𝐸𝑝𝑠
( )
𝑓𝑐𝑠
𝐸𝑐𝑖
¿(186,200)
(
8.519
4700 √ 31 )
¿ 60.616 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓 𝑐𝑠¿ −8.519 𝑀𝑃𝑎(𝐶)
Elastic Shortening of Concrete (ES)
concrete shortens when a (compressive) prestressing force is applied.
as the tendons that are bonded to the adjacent concrete simultaneously shorten, they lose part of the
prestressing force that they carry.
For Post-tensioned Elements:
𝑃 𝐽−∆ 𝑃𝐹
𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
simultaneous jacking:
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 =0
sequential jacking: 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜′ 𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
the first jacking gives maximum amount of loss
( )
𝑛
1 𝑛− 𝑗
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 = ∑
the last jacking gives no amount of loss
( ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 )
𝑛 𝑗=1 𝑛− 1 0 ≤ ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 ≤
1
number of jacking operations 2
Sample Problem
A post-tensioned prestressed beam has a span of 15.2 m (50 ft) as shown. Calculate the magnitude of loss in
prestress due to the effect of elastic shortening of the concrete if the prestressing operation is such that a) two
tendons are jacked at a time; b) one tendon is jacked at a time and; c) all tendons are simultaneously
tensioned. Assume that prior to transfer, the jacking force on the tendon was .
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

( ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 )=60.616 𝑀𝑃𝑎 a)
𝑝𝑠
jacking operations
sequential jacking:
1
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 = ∑
𝑛
( )
𝑛− 𝑗
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 = (
1 5 −1 5 − 2 5 −3 5 − 4 5 −5
+ + + +
5 5 −1 5 − 1 5 −1 5 −1 5 −1
60.616 )
𝑛 𝑗=1 𝑛− 1 1
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 =30.308 𝑀𝑃𝑎 2 (60.616 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
¿
number of jacking operations
Sample Problem
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

( ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 )=60.616 𝑀𝑃𝑎 b)
𝑝𝑠
jacking operations
sequential jacking:
1
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 = ∑
𝑛
( )
𝑛− 𝑗
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 = + (
1 10 −1 10 − 2
10 10 −1 10 − 1
+. . .+
10 − 9 10 −10
+
10 − 1 10 −1
60.616 )
𝑛 𝑗=1 𝑛− 1 1
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 =30.308 𝑀𝑃𝑎 2 (60.616 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
¿
Sample Problem
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

( ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 )=60.616 𝑀𝑃𝑎 c)
𝑝𝑠
jacking operation
sequential jacking:
( )
𝑛
1 𝑛− 𝑗
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 = ∑
( ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 ) ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 =0
𝑛 𝑗=1 𝑛− 1
Steel Stress Relaxation (R)
or simply steel relaxation, is the loss of prestress when the wires or strands are subjected to essentially
constant strain or elongation with time.
NSCP C101-15
ACI 318M-14
AASHTO 2012 For stress-relieved wires and strands:
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 = 𝑓
′
𝑝𝑖 ( log 𝑡
10 )( 𝑓 ′ 𝑝𝑖
𝑓𝑝𝑦
− 0.55
)
𝑓 ′ 𝑝𝑖
≥ 0.55
𝑓 𝑝𝑦
For low-relaxation wires and strands:

′
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 = 𝑓 𝑝𝑖
log 𝑡 𝑓 ′ 𝑝𝑖
45 𝑓𝑝𝑦 (
− 0.55 )( )
Sample Problem
A pretensioned prestressed beam has a span of 15.2 m (50 ft) as shown. Find the relaxation loss in prestress at
the end of 5 years, assuming that the loss from elastic shortening, and from long-term loss due to creep and
shrinkage over this period is 20 percent of the prestress at transfer. Assume that prior to transfer, the jacking
force on the tendon was .
Solution: 𝑓 ′ =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑐
𝑊
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
𝐸𝑝 𝑠 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿
At transfer: (stress-relieved)
𝑓 𝑝 = 𝑓 𝑝 𝐽 − ∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝑅 (𝑡 0 , 𝑡 𝑡𝑟¿) 0.75 𝑓 𝑝𝑢¿ 0.75(1862)¿ 1396.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
After transfer (5 years after jacking):
𝑓 ′ 𝑝𝑖 =1396.5 (1− 0.2)¿ 1117.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓 ′ 𝑝𝑖 1117.2
= ≥ 0.55
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 = 𝑓 𝑝𝑖
′
( log 𝑡
10 )( 𝑓 ′ 𝑝𝑖
𝑓𝑝𝑦
− 0.55
)
𝑓 𝑝𝑦 1586
Hours after jacking:
𝑡=24 (365)(5)¿ 43,800 h𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 =1117.2
10 (
log 43,800 1117.2
1586 )(
− 0.55 ¿80.07 𝑀𝑃𝑎 )
ACI-ASCE Method of Accounting for Relaxation Loss
uses the separate contributions of elastic shortening, creep, and shrinkage in the evaluation of the steel
stress-relaxation loss.
(Nawy, 2010)
PCI 2010
ACI-ASCE Method of Accounting for Relaxation Loss
uses the separate contributions of elastic shortening, creep, and shrinkage in the evaluation of the steel
stress-relaxation loss. PCI 2010
Creep Loss (CR)
creep or lateral material flow or deformation due to the longitudinal stress, is the increase in strain with
time due to a sustained load.
the stress-strain relationship due to creep is essentially linear, 𝜖 𝐶𝑅 the creep 𝑡 0.6
therefore, it is feasible to relate the creep strain to the elastic 𝐶𝑢= coefficient at any 𝐶𝑡 = 0.6
𝐶𝑢
𝜖 𝐸𝐿 10+𝑡
strain , thereby producing what is called creep coefficient . time in days is:
the loss in prestressed 𝐸 𝑝𝑠
members due to creep ∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐶 𝑅 =𝐶 𝑡 𝑓 𝑐𝑠
for bonded members is:
𝐸𝑐
Sample Problem
A pretensioned prestressed beam has a span of 15.2 m (50 ft) as shown. Compute the loss in prestress due to
creep given that the total superimposed load (excluding the beam’s own weight) after transfer is 5.5 kN/m
(375 lb/ft). Assume that prior to transfer, the jacking force on the tendon was .
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐶 𝑅 =𝐾 𝑐𝑟 ( )
𝐸𝑝𝑠
𝐸𝑐
(𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟 − 𝑓 𝑐 𝑑𝑠 ) 𝑝𝑠
At transfer (w/ SW) 𝑃 ( 𝑃 𝑒 ) 𝑒 𝑀𝑒 762

𝑓 𝑐𝑠 =− − + 𝑒= −101.6¿ 279.4 𝑚𝑚
@ midspan: 𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑐 2
𝑃=𝑃 𝐽 − ∆ 𝑃 𝑅 (𝑡 0 ,𝑡 𝑡𝑟 ¿) 0.75 𝑓 𝑝𝑢 ( 𝐴𝑝𝑠 )¿ 0.75(1862)(10)(99)(10 )¿1382.535 𝑘𝑁
−3
( 𝛾 𝑐 𝐴𝑐 ) 𝑙2 ( 2 3.54 ) (381)(762)(10 −6 )(15.22)

𝑀=𝑀 𝐷𝐿¿
8
¿
8
¿ 1 97.371𝑘𝑁 ⋅𝑚
Sample Problem
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐶 𝑅 =𝐾 𝑐𝑟 ( )
𝐸𝑝𝑠
𝐸𝑐
(𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟 − 𝑓 𝑐 𝑑𝑠 ) 𝑝𝑠
At transfer (w/ SW) 𝑃 ( 𝑃 𝑒 ) 𝑒 𝑀𝑒

@ midspan:
𝑓 𝑐𝑠 =−
𝐴𝑐
−
𝐼𝑐
+
𝐼𝑐 ¿ 279.4 𝑚𝑚
2
1 , 382 ,535 ( 1,382,535 ) (279.4 ) 197.371 ( 10 ) (279.4)
6
¿ 𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟
¿1382.535 𝑘𝑁
𝑓 𝑐𝑠 =−
381(762)
−
381 ( 762 ) 3
+
381 ( 762 ) 3 ¿ −8.519 𝑀𝑃𝑎(𝐶)
12 12 ¿ 1 97.371𝑘𝑁 ⋅𝑚
(ACI 318M-14) 938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City (NSCP C101-15) Structural Engineer
Sample Problem
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐶 𝑅 =𝐾 𝑐𝑟 ( )
𝐸𝑝𝑠
𝐸𝑐
(𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟 − 𝑓 𝑐 𝑑𝑠 )
6
𝑀 𝑠𝑑 (𝑒 𝑝 )¿ 1 58.84 ( 10 ) (279.4)
𝑝𝑠
𝑓 𝑐𝑑𝑠 =
𝐼𝑔 381 ( 762 ) 3 ¿3 .159 𝑀𝑃𝑎
12
(
186,200
)
2
𝑤 𝑠𝑑 𝑙 ( 5 .5 ) (15.22)
𝑀 𝑠𝑑¿ ¿ ¿158.84 𝑘𝑁 ⋅𝑚 ∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐶 𝑅 =2 .0 (8.519 −3.159)
8 8 4700 √ 41.4
762
𝑒𝑝 = −101.6¿ 279.4 𝑚𝑚 ∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐶 𝑅 =66.00 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
Shrinkage Loss (SH)
approximately 80 percent of shrinkage takes place in the first year
of life of the structure.
the average value of ultimate shrinkage strain in both moist-cured and
steam-cured concrete is given as in ACI 209R-08 Sec. A.1.1
this average value is affected by the length if initial moist curing,
ambient relative humidity, volume-surface ratio, temperature, and
concrete composition.
to take such effects into account, the average value of
shrinkage strain should be multiplied by a correction factor
−6
𝜖
(refer to ACI 209R-08 Sec.A.1.1 for values),𝑆𝐻 =780
hence; 𝑥 10 𝛾𝑆𝐻
https://informedinfrastructure.com/53
the Prestressed Concrete Institute stipulates for standard 557/american-concrete-institute-and-pr
ecast-prestressed-concrete-institute-an
conditions an average value for nominal ultimate shrinkage strain . nounce-expanded-partnership/
if is the shrinkage strain after adjusting for relative humidity at volume-to-surface ratio , the loss in
prestressing in pretensioned member is; ∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝑆𝐻 =𝐸 𝑝𝑠 (𝜖 𝑆𝐻 )
for post-tensioned members, the loss in prestressing due to shrinkage is somewhat less since some
shrinkage has already taken place before post-tensioning.
Shrinkage Loss (SH)
Time-Dependent Method
adjustment of shrinkage losses for standard conditions as a function of time in days after 7 days for moist
curing and 3 days for steam curing can be obtained from the following:
For standard conditions of humidity :
a) For moist-cured concrete (𝜖 ) = 𝑡 (𝜖 ) b) For steam-cured concrete at
(𝜖 ) =
𝑡
(𝜖 𝑆𝐻 )𝑢
𝑆𝐻 𝑡 𝑆𝐻 𝑢 𝑆𝐻 𝑡
at any time after age 7 days, 35+𝑡 any time after age 1 to 3 days, 55+𝑡
if local data are not available if local data are not available
for other humidity, a correction factor has to be applied:
a) For : b) For :
𝑘𝑆𝐻 =1.40 − 0.010 𝐻 𝑘𝑆𝐻 =3.00 − 0.030 𝐻
ACI-ASCE Method
if the relative humidity is taken as a percent
value and the ratio effect is considered, the PCI
𝜖 𝑆𝐻 =8 .2 𝑥 10 𝐾 𝑆𝐻−6
( 𝑉
) 𝑉
1 − 0.06 ( 100 − 𝑅𝐻 ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛.
𝑆 𝑆
(Nawy, 2010)
general expression for loss in prestressing due to
shrinkage becomes ();
(
𝜖 𝑆𝐻 =8 .2 𝑥 10− 6 𝐾 𝑆𝐻 1 − 0.0024
𝑉
𝑆 ) 𝑉
( 100 − 𝑅𝐻 ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑚
𝑆
Sample Problem
A prestressed beam has a span of 15.2 m (50 ft) as shown. Compute the loss in prestress (for pre and post-
tension case) due to shrinkage at 7 days after moist curing using both the ACI-ASCE Method and the Time-
Dependent Method. Assume that prior to transfer, the jacking force on the tendon was , and that the relative
humidity is 70 percent and the volume-to-surface ratio is 50 mm. Use the ultimate shrinkage strain specified
on ACI 209R-08 Sec. A.1.1
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑝𝑠
ACI-ASCE Method
−6
𝜖 𝑆𝐻 =8 .2 𝑥 10 𝐾 𝑆𝐻
( 𝐾 𝑆𝐻
( )𝑉 ∆ 𝑓 =𝐸 𝑝𝑠 (𝜖 𝑆𝐻 )
1 − 0.0024 (100 − 𝑅𝐻) 𝑝 𝑆𝐻
=1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑)
𝑆 ¿ 186,200 [ 8 . 2 𝑥 10−6 ( 1.0 ) ( 1 −0.0024 ( 50 ) ) ( 100− ( 70 ) )
¿4 0.309 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Sample Problem
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
(Nawy, 2010)
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑒
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑝𝑠
ACI-ASCE Method
−6
𝜖 𝑆𝐻 =8 .2 𝑥 10 𝐾 𝑆𝐻
( 𝐾 𝑆𝐻
( )𝑉 ∆ 𝑓 =𝐸 𝑝𝑠 (𝜖 𝑆𝐻 )
1 − 0.0024 (100 − 𝑅𝐻) 𝑝 𝑆𝐻
=1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑)
𝑆 ¿ 186,200 [ 8 . 2 𝑥 10−6 ( 0.77 ) ( 1− 0.0024 ( 50 ) ) ( 100 − ( 70 ) )
¿3 1.038 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Sample Problem
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑝𝑠
a) For moist-cured concrete 𝑡 ∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝑆𝐻 =𝐸 𝑝𝑠 (𝜖 𝑆𝐻 )
at any time after age 7 days,
(𝜖 𝑆𝐻 )𝑡 = (𝜖 )
35+𝑡 𝑆𝐻 𝑢 ¿ 186,200 ( 7
35+7 )
(780 𝑥 10−6 )
(ACI 209R-08 Sec. A.1.1) ¿2 4.206 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Sample Problem
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑝𝑠
∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝑆𝐻 =𝐸 𝑝𝑠 (𝜖 𝑆𝐻 )
for other humidity, a correction factor has to be applied:
a) For :
¿ 186,200
7
35+7( )
(780 𝑥 10−6 )
𝑘𝑆𝐻 =1.40 − 0.010 𝐻 ¿2 4.206 𝑀𝑃𝑎(1.4 − 0.010(70))¿16.944 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Friction Loss (F)
loss of prestressing occurs in post-tensioned members due to friction between the tendons and the
surrounding concrete ducts.
the magnitude of this loss is a function of the tendon form or alignment, called the curvature effect
(intended), and the local deviations in the alignment (accidental or unavoidable), called the wobble effect.
frictional loss varies linearly along the beam span, with the maximum frictional stress loss at the far end of
the beam if jacking is from one end.
𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑃𝑗
Friction Loss (F)
as the tendon is pulled with a jacking force at the jacking end, it will encounter friction with the surrounding
duct or sheath such that the stress in the tendon will vary from the jacking plane to a distance along the span
of the element as shown.
(Nawy, 2010)
Wobble or Length Effect
𝑤
𝑑𝑃=𝐾 𝑃 𝑑 𝑥
superimposing the two:
𝑑𝑃=𝜇 𝑃 𝑑 𝛼+𝐾 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 𝑃 ′ 𝐽
𝑃 ′𝐽
𝑑𝑃
𝛼 𝑥
𝑒
∫ 𝑃 ∫
= 𝜇 𝑑 𝛼 +∫ 𝐾 𝑑 𝑥 𝑥
𝑃𝑥 0 0
ln 𝑃 ′ 𝐽 − ln 𝑃 𝑥 =𝜇𝛼+𝐾𝑥 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑛 ≈ 𝑥 :
𝑃′ 𝐽 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔:
Curvature 𝐹=𝜇 𝑁 ln =𝜇𝛼+ 𝐾𝑥
Effect 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃 ≈ 𝑃 𝑥 : 𝑃𝑥
𝑃 ′ 𝐽 =𝑃 𝑥 𝑒 𝜇𝛼+ 𝐾𝑥
𝑃
𝑅
𝑑𝛼
𝑅
𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑁 =2 𝑃 sin( )
𝑑𝛼
2
𝑓 𝑝𝑥= 𝑓 ′ 𝑝𝐽 𝑒
−(𝜇𝛼+ 𝐾𝑥)
𝑚=2 𝑦
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐹 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑝𝐽 − 𝑓 𝑝𝑥 (Nawy, 2010)
𝑑𝛼 𝑑𝑃𝑑𝛼 ′ 𝛼 𝑚 𝛼=
8𝑦
𝑟𝑎𝑑
2 𝑑𝑁 2 𝑑𝑃=𝜇 𝑃 𝑑 𝛼 ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐹 =𝑓 𝑝𝐽 [1−𝑒 ¿ ¿−(𝜇𝛼+𝐾𝑥)]¿ tan 2 = 𝑥 / 2 𝑥
Friction Loss (F)
ACI 318M-08
(Nawy, 2010)
Sample Problem
A post-tensioned prestressed beam has a span of 15.2 m (50 ft) as shown. If(ACI
the318M-08)
tendon is made of 7-wire
uncoated strands in flexible metal sheathing, compute the frictional loss of stress in the prestressing wires due
to the curvature and wobble effects. Assume that prior to transfer, the jacking force on the tendon was .
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
279.4 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
𝑅=42.672 𝑚(140 𝑓𝑡) 381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑝𝑠
At transfer @ midspan:
𝑃=𝑃 𝐽 − ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐴¿ 0.75 𝑓 𝑝𝑢 ( 𝐴𝑝𝑠 )¿ 0.75(1862)(10)(99)(10− 3)¿ 1382.535 𝑘𝑁
1 ,382 , 535
′
′
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐹 =𝑓 [1−𝑒 ¿ ¿−(𝜇𝛼+𝐾𝑥)]¿ 𝑓 𝑝𝐽 = =1396.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑝𝐽 10(99)
8𝑦 8(0.2794 )
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐹 =1396.5[1−𝑒¿¿−(0.25(0.1471)+0.0066(15.2))]¿ 𝛼= 𝑟𝑎𝑑¿ ¿ 0.1471 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑥 15.2
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐹 =178.91 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑥=15.2𝑚(𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑡h𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑)
Anchorage-Seating Loss (A)
occur in post-tensioned members due to the seating of wedges in the anchors when the jacking force is
transferred to the anchorage.
generally, the magnitude of anchorage-seating loss ranges between 6.35 mm (1/4 in.) and 9.53 mm (3/8 in.)
for the two-piece wedges.
the manufacturer of the anchorage system is expected to supply the data on the slip expected due to
anchorage adjustment. http://ltc-lebanon.com/mono-rd.php
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐴 =𝐸 𝑝𝑠 ( )
∆𝐴
https://allmetalsolutions.
co.uk/pre-stressed-steel/
𝐿
𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒:
magnitude of slip https://www.designingbuilding
s.co.uk/w/images/3/38/Pc-ste
length of tendon el-strand-bridge.jpg
𝑃′ 𝐽
𝑒
https://www.tmgglob
als.com/fixed-anchors
http://www.greycastironcasting.com/photo/pl22246939-an
ti_rust_flat_post_tension_anchor_for_building_prestressed
_concrete.jpg
Sample Problem
A post-tensioned prestressed beam has a span of 15.2 m (50 ft) as shown. Compute the anchorage-seating loss
if the estimated slip is 6.35 mm (1/4 in.). Assume that prior to transfer, the jacking force on the tendon was .
Solution:
𝑊 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 =41.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎(6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
762𝑚𝑚 ¿
101.6 𝑚𝑚 ¿
𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑒
381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑝𝑠
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐴 =𝐸 𝑝𝑠 ( )
∆𝐴
𝐿
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐴 =1 86,200 ( 6.35
15,200 ) the percentage of loss due
to anchorage slip becomes
𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒: very high in short-beam
magnitude of slip ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐴 =7 7.788 𝑀𝑃𝑎 elements and thus becomes
length of tendon of major significance.
Intended Learning Outcome for this Discussion:
1. To understand the different losses in prestress that occur in a prestressed concrete element.
2. To apply the different losses in prestress when designing prestressed concrete elements.
Summary of this Discussion
Categories of Prestress Loss
Immediate Elastic Loss Time-Dependent Loss
Elastic Shortening Steel Relaxation
For stress-relieved wires and strands:
For Pretensioned Elements:
( )
𝑓
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 =𝐸𝑝𝑠 𝑐 𝑠 ¿ 𝑛 𝑓 𝑐𝑠
𝐸𝑐𝑖
′
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 = 𝑓 𝑝𝑖 (
10 𝑓𝑝𝑦 )(− 0.55
)
For Post-tensioned Elements: For low-relaxation wires and strands:
)( )
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 =0
sequential jacking:
′
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅 = 𝑓 𝑝𝑖 (
45 𝑓𝑝𝑦
− 0.55
Creep
( )
𝑛
1
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆 = ∑
𝑛− 𝑗
𝑛 𝑗=1 𝑛− 1
( ∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐸𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 ) ∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐶 𝑅 =𝐾 𝑐𝑟
Shrinkage
( )
𝐸𝑝𝑠
𝐸𝑐
(𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟 − 𝑓 𝑐 𝑑𝑠 )
Friction
′ ∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝑆𝐻 =𝐸 𝑝𝑠 (𝜖 𝑆𝐻 )
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐹 =𝑓 [1−𝑒 ¿ ¿−(𝜇𝛼+𝐾𝑥)]¿
𝑝𝐽 𝑡
Anchorage-Seating (𝜖 𝑆𝐻 )𝑡 = (𝜖 )
35+𝑡 𝑆𝐻 𝑢
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐴 =𝐸 𝑝𝑠 ( )
∆𝐴
𝐿 (
𝜖 𝑆𝐻 =8 .2 𝑥 10− 6 𝐾 𝑆𝐻 1 − 0.0024
𝑉
𝑆 ) 𝑉
( 100 − 𝑅𝐻 ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑚
𝑆
Thank You for Listening!

For questions, clarifications, and any other concern, please do not hesitate to contact me via:
𝐴𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑅𝑜𝑦𝑐𝑒 𝐴 ~𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑜 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜
𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜.𝑐𝑒@𝑡𝑖𝑝.𝑒𝑑𝑢. 𝑝h

4 Partial Loss of Prestress

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4 Partial Loss of Prestress

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Technological Institute of the Philippines Prepared by: Engr. Adams Royce A.

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, 2015

Master of Science in Civil Engineering

American Association of State Highway and

includes elastic shortening, relaxation in the prestressing steel, creep, and

𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒: (Nawy, 2010)

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

( 𝛾 𝑐 𝐴𝑐 ) 𝑙2 ( 2 3.54 ) (381)(762)(10 −6 )(15.22)

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

For low-relaxation wires and strands:

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

At transfer (w/ SW) 𝑃 ( 𝑃 𝑒 ) 𝑒 𝑀𝑒 762

( 𝛾 𝑐 𝐴𝑐 ) 𝑙2 ( 2 3.54 ) (381)(762)(10 −6 )(15.22)

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

At transfer (w/ SW) 𝑃 ( 𝑃 𝑒 ) 𝑒 𝑀𝑒

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑓 𝑝𝑢 =1862 𝑀𝑃𝑎(270,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑘𝑆𝐻 =1.40 − 0.010 𝐻 ¿2 4.206 𝑀𝑃𝑎(1.4 − 0.010(70))¿16.944 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑅=42.672 𝑚(140 𝑓𝑡) 381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

length of tendon el-strand-bridge.jpg

381 𝑚𝑚 ¿ 𝐸 =186 , 2 00 𝑀𝑃𝑎(27 𝑥 10 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

Thank You for Listening!

𝐴𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑅𝑜𝑦𝑐𝑒 𝐴 ~𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑜 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜

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