Sets and logic problems

Sets and logic problems

Session 1

Wednesday, January 30, 2023

 What is a set?
In a mathematical context, a set is a well-defined collection
of things (objects, numbers, people etc) that form a distinct
group.

Sets are generally named and represented using a capital

letter.

For example:

A = {x: x is an integer, 2 ≤ x ≤ 9}

A is the set of elements x such that x is an integer and 2 ≤ x ≤ 9

 What is set notation?
Set notation is a specific, formal language and notation that
describes sets and their relationships with one another.
 What is set notation?
Set notation is a specific, formal language and notation that
describes sets and their relationships with one another.
 What is a Venn Diagram?
A Venn Diagram is a diagram that represents sets and their
relationships with each other pictorially, as circles within an
enclosing rectangle (the universal set). Common elements
are represented by areas of intersection.
 What is a Venn Diagram?
A Venn Diagram is a diagram that represents sets and their
relationships with each other pictorially, as circles within an
enclosing rectangle (the universal set). Common elements
are represented by areas of intersection.
Set Notation and Venn Diagrams
Worked Example:
ξ = {Positive Integers between 1 and 10}
A = {Odd Numbers}
B = {Factors of 12}
ξ A B
 Universal Set
Worked Example:
ξ = {Positive Integers between 1 and 10}
A = {Odd Numbers}
B = {Factors of 12}
ξ is the ´universal set´ -
ξ A the set Bof all the
elements or things we
are considering at the
time
Set Notation and Venn Diagrams
Worked Example:
ξ = {Positive Integers between 1 and 10}
A = {Odd Numbers}
B = {Factors of 12}
ξ A B

9 3 6

7 1 4
5
2
8 10
 Membership of a set
Worked Example:
ξ = {Positive Integers between 1 and 10}
A = {Odd Numbers}
B = {Factors of 12}
9∈A
ξ A B

9 3 9 is a6 member of set A
7 1 4
5
2
8 10
 Membership of a set
Worked Example:
ξ = {Positive Integers between 1 and 10}
A = {Odd Numbers}
B = {Factors of 12}
10 ∉ A
ξ A B

9 3 10 is6not a member of
7 set A4
5 1 2
8 10
 Membership of a set
We know A = {1,3,5,7,9}
Worked Example:
ξ = {Positive Integers between 1 and 10}
A′ = {2,4,6,8,10)
A = {Odd Numbers}
B = {Factors of 12}
i.e. The set of elements
ξ A
not in A B
9 3 6

7 1 4
5
2
8 10
 Membership
A ∩ B = {3,1} of a set
Worked Example:
A “intersection”
ξ = {Positive B 1 and 10}
Integers between
A = {Odd Numbers}
B = {Factorsallofthe elements that are
12}
in both A AND B
ξ A B

9 3 6

7 1 4
5
2
8 10
 Membership of a set
A ∪ B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9}
Worked Example:
ξ = {Positive IntegersBbetween 1 and 10}
A “union”
A = {Odd Numbers}
all the elements that are
B = {Factorsin of 12} A OR B
either
ξ A B

9 3 6

7 1 4
5
2
8 10
 Membership of a set
A ∩ A′ = { } or ∅

Worked Example:
{ } or ∅ refer to the “empty set”
ξ = {Positive Integers between 1 and 10}
A = {Odd Numbers}
i.e. where there are no elements
B = {Factors ofthat
12}satisfy the stated condition
ξ A B

9 6
3
7 1 4
5
2
8 10
 Venn Diagrams - subsets

ξ
A

B
 B⊆A
Venn Diagrams - subsets
B is a subset of A

i.e. B lies inside A, and can be

ξ equal to A
A

B
 B⊂A
Venn Diagrams - subsets
B is a proper subset of A

i.e. B lies inside A but cannot be

ξ equal to A
A

B
 B⊄A or B ⊈A
Venn Diagrams - subsets
B is not a proper subset of A
or
B is not a subset of A
ξ
A
B
Identifying regions - see jamboard

ξ
A B
Identifying regions - see jamboard
ξ
B
A

C
 Practice
Page 281

Exercise 1, Q 3-4

Page 283

Exercise 2, Q 2,4,6

Page 284

Exercise 3, Q 1-7
Sets and logic problems
Session 2

Monday, 30 January
 Problem solving
In a class of 31 students, some study Physics and some
study Chemistry. If 22 study Physics, 20 study Chemistry
and 5 study neither, calculate the number of students who
take both subjects.

ξ
P C
 Problem solving
In a class of 31 students, some study Physics and some
study Chemistry. If 22 study Physics, 20 study Chemistry
and 5 study neither, calculate the number of students who
take both subjects.

ξ
P C

5
 Problem solving
In a class of 31 students, some study Physics and some
study Chemistry. If 22 study Physics, 20 study Chemistry
and 5 study neither, calculate the number of students who
take both subjects.

ξ
P C

5
 Problem solving
In a class of 31 students, some study Physics and some
study Chemistry. If 22 study Physics, 20 study Chemistry
and 5 study neither, calculate the number of students who
take both subjects.

ξ
P C

22 - x x

5
 Problem solving
In a class of 31 students, some study Physics and some
study Chemistry. If 22 study Physics, 20 study Chemistry
and 5 study neither, calculate the number of students who
take both subjects.

ξ
P C

22 - x x 20 - x

5
 Problem solving
In a class of 31 students, some study Physics and some
study Chemistry. If 22 study Physics, 20 study Chemistry
and 5 study neither, calculate the number of students who
take both subjects.
(22 - x) + x + (20 - x) = 26
ξ
P C

22 - x x 20 - x

5
 Problem solving
In a class of 31 students, some study Physics and some
study Chemistry. If 22 study Physics, 20 study Chemistry
and 5 study neither, calculate the number of students who
take both subjects.
(22 - x) + x + (20 - x) = 26
ξ
42 - x = 26 giving x = 16
P C

22 - x x 20 - x

5
 Problem solving
In a class of 31 students, some study Physics and some
study Chemistry. If 22 study Physics, 20 study Chemistry
and 5 study neither, calculate the number of students who
take both subjects.
(22 - x) + x + (20 - x) = 26
ξ
42 - x = 26 giving x = 16
P C

6 16 4

5
 Problem solving
A REALLY USEFUL formula to learn….

n(A∩B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∪B)

or
n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B)
ξ
A B
 Problem solving
In a group of 113 students, 60 liked Hockey, 45 liked
Football and 18 liked neither. Calculate the number of
students who a) liked both Hockey and Football, b) liked
only Hockey.
n(A∩B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∪B)
ξ
H F
 Problem solving
In a group of 113 students, 60 liked Hockey, 45 liked
Football and 18 liked neither. Calculate the number of
students who a) liked both Hockey and Football, b) liked
only Hockey.
n(A∩B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∪B)
ξ
H F

50 10 35

18
 Problem solving
Practice part 1

Exercise 4

Page 287, Q1-9 (odds)

ξ STEP 1
A
P Label all the
intersections and create
expressions using the
information you have
been given

W
ξ
A
P
a

d
b c

W
ξ STEP 2
A
P Use the further
a
information to solve for
19 - (a + b + d) 21 - (a + c + d) a, b, c, and d
d
b c
c+d=7
b+d=8
a + d = 11
16 - (b + c + d) d=5
W
ξ STEP 2
A
P Use the further
a
information to solve for
19 - (a + b + d) 21 - (a + c + d) a, b, c, and d
5
b c
c+d=7
b+d=8
a + d = 11
16 - (b + c + d) d=5
W
ξ STEP 2
A
P Use the further
a
information to solve for
19 - (a + b + d) 21 - (a + c + d) a, b, c, and d
5
b 2
c+d=7
b+d=8
a + d = 11
16 - (b + c + d) d=5
W
ξ STEP 2
A
P Use the further
a
information to solve for
19 - (a + b + d) 21 - (a + c + d) a, b, c, and d
5
3 2
c+d=7
b+d=8
a + d = 11
16 - (b + c + d) d=5
W
ξ STEP 2
A
P Use the further
6
information to solve for
19 - (a + b + d) 21 - (a + c + d) a, b, c, and d
5
3 2
c+d=7
b+d=8
a + d = 11
16 - (b + c + d) d=5
W
ξ STEP 2
A
P Use the further
6
information to solve for
5 21 - (a + c + d) a, b, c, and d
5
3 2
c+d=7
b+d=8
a + d = 11
16 - (b + c + d) d=5
W
ξ STEP 2
A
P Use the further
6
8 information to solve for
5
a, b, c, and d
5
3 2
c+d=7
b+d=8
a + d = 11
16 - (b + c + d) d=5
W
ξ STEP 2
A
P Use the further
6
8 information to solve for
5
a, b, c, and d
5
3 2
c+d=7
b+d=8
a + d = 11
6
d=5
W
ξ STEP 2
A
P Use the further
6
8 information to solve for
5
a, b, c, and d
5
3 2
c+d=7
b+d=8
a + d = 11
6
1 d=5
W
One year 37 students sat an exam in Physics, 48 sat
Chemistry and 45 sat Biology. 15 students sat Physics and
Chemistry, 13 sat Chemistry and Biology, 7 sat Physics and
Biology, and 5 students sat all three subjects.
a) Draw a Venn Diagram to represent this information
b) Calculate n(P ∪ C ∪ B)
ξ
B
A

C
One year 37 students sat an exam in Physics, 48 sat
Chemistry and 45 sat Biology. 15 students sat Physics and
Chemistry, 13 sat Chemistry and Biology, 7 sat Physics and
Biology, and 5 students sat all three subjects.
a) Draw a Venn Diagram to represent this information
b) Calculate n(P ∪ C ∪ B) = 100
ξ
B
A

20 10 25

5
2 8

30
C
 Problem solving
Practice part 2

Exercise 4

Page 287, Q10, 12, 14