STABILITY,

G EFFECTS AND
OBSCURATION
 AIM
TO ACQUAINT THE CLASS
WITH FACTORS AFFECTING
STABILITY, G-EFFECTS AND
OBSCURATION.
 STABILITY
• THE ABILITY OF THE WPN SYS TO
WITHSTAND THE SHOCK OF DISCHARGE
DURING RECOIL AND RUNOUT .
• STABILITY IS A FN OF :-
– THE PROJECTILE.

– WPN PLATFORM WHEN TANK IS MOVING.

– WPN PLATFORM WHEN TANK IS STATIC.

 REQUIREMENT OF STABILITY

1. TO MAINTAIN HIGH RATE OF FIRE.

2. MAINTAIN ACCURACY AND CONSISTENCY.

3. ENHANCE LIFE OF CARRIAGE, MOUNTING AND

AVOID DEFECTS.

4. ENHANCEMENT OF CREW COMFORT.

 WPN SYSTEM

CARRIAGE/MOUNTING
ORDNANCE (ON WHEELS) (NOT ON WHEELS)

1. BRL.
2. BB.
3. FUME EXTRACTOR.
4. BREECH RING.
SUPER BASIC
5. MUZZLE BRAKE.
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
6. THERMAL
JACKETS.
7. BALANCING
WEIGHTS.
8. FIRING MECH.
 WPN SYSTEM
1. ORDNANCE (CONSISTS OF THE GUN TUBE).
FN OF WHICH IS TO GIVE:-
(a) STABILITY
(b) DIRECTION
(c) MOMENTUM TO THE PROJECTILE
2. MOUNTING/CARRIAGE:-
(a) BASIC STRUCTURE
(i) WHEELS FN IS TO GIVE
(ii) SUSPENSION SYSTEM NECESSARY
(iii) AXLE DIRECTION
(b) SUPER STRUCTURE AND
(i) CRADLE STABILITY TO
(ii) BALANCING GEAR THE
(iii) RECOIL SYSTEM ORDNANCE.
 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
FOR STABILITY
• TRUNNION PULL(R)- FORCE EXERTED ON THE
TRUNNIONS DUE TO THE RECOIL SYS THROUGHOUT
RECOIL AND RUNOUT.
• TRUNNION HT (H)- DISTANCE OF THE GUN
TRUNNIONS FROM THE GROUND WHEN THE GUN IS
LEVELED.IT REDUCES WHEN THE GUN IS ELEVATED
AS THE LINE OF ACTION OF THE FORCE SHIFTS AND
COMES CLOSER TO THE PT ABOUT WHICH THE
MOMENTS ARE BEING CONSIDERED.
• WEIGHT (W).
• LENGTH OF THE TRAILS (L)- DISTANCE FROM THE
CENTRE OF GRAVITY TO THE PIVOTAL PT WHICH IS
THE LAST BOGIE CONTACT(O).
 MOMENTS ACTING ON THE FIRING
PLATFORM DURING FIRING

H R
C

R - TRUNION PULL/ RECOIL FORCE
H - TRUNION HT
W - WT OF TK ACTING AT CG (C)
L - LENGTH OF TRAILS
L O
W
OVERTURNING MOMENT = R X H
(Trunion Pull X Trunion Ht)
• ACTING BACKWARDS AND UPWARDS.
• ACTING AT PIVOTAL POINT.

STABILISING MOMENT = W X L
(Weight X Length of Trails)
• ACTING FWD AND DOWNWARDS.
• ACTING AT CENTER OF GRAVITY.
 FOR PLATFORM TO BE STABLE
Stabilising Moment >= Overturning Moment
W X L >= R X H

-------WHEN THE PLATFORM IS STABLE / AT IDEAL CONDITIONS:

MAX ACCEPTABLE TRUNION PULL(R)

RXH=WXL
R=WXL
H
 DEDUCTIONS
• MAX ACCEPTABLE TRUNION PULL IS CALCULATED AT IDEAL
CONDITIONS FOR WHICH VALUES OF W,L AND H ARE FIXED.

• AS ‘W’ REMAINS CONSTANT, WHAT EFFECTS THE FIRING

PLATFORM STABILITY IS THE VARYING VALUES OF TRUNION
HT(H) AND LENGTH OF TRAILS(L).

• FOR ANY VALUE OF TRUNION PULL MORE THEN THE

CALCULATED MAX ACCEPTABLE VALUE THE PLATFORM IS
GOING TO BE UNSTABLE.

• VALUE OF MAX ACCEPTABLE TRUNION PULL CANNOT BE

INCREASED BEYOND A CERTAIN POINT DUE TO LIMITATION
OF WEIGHT AND SIZE OF THE TANK.
 HEAD ON

ELEV
AOB R

AOB
DEP C R
O
L
CASE I W CASE II
GUN IS ELEVATED GUN IS DEPRESSED
W,L – SAME W,L – SAME
H – REDUCES H – INCREASES
THUS, OVERALL RECOIL FORCE THUS, OVERALL RECOIL FORCE
DECREASES. INCREASES.
LEADING TO STABILITY. LEADING TO UNSTABILITY.
 BROAD SIDE
CASE - I (LEVEL) CASE - II (LEVEL)
F
F
H H
C C
F
H
L o o
W W L
F

H F
F
C H C
H
o F
H
L
L o
W
W
CASE - III (DOWN HILL) CASE - IV (UPHILL)
 CALCULATION : TRUNION PULL
IF,
M = MASS OF PROJ
M1 = MASS OF PROPELLANT
V1 = MUZZLE VELOCITY OF THE PROJ
T = TIME TAKEN BY PROJ TO COVER BRL LENGTH

AND
MR = MASS OF RECOILING PARTS
VR = VEL OF RECOILING PARTS

THEREFORE, FWD MOMENTUM = (M+M1) V1

REARWARD MOMENTUM = MRVR.
ACCORDING TO LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM:
FWD MOMENTUM = REARWARD MOMENTUM
THEREFORE, MRVR = (M + M1) V1

VR = (M+ M1) V1 (1)

MR

(2)
KE OF RECOILING PARTS = 1/2MRVR 2

NOW SUBSTITUTING THE VALUE OF (1) IN (2) WE GET

• KE = (M+ M1)2V12 (ENERGY ABSORBED BY
2MR RECOILING PARTS)

• As, WK DONE = FORCE X DIST

(M+ M1)2V2 = F X L
2MR

THEREFORE, F = (M+M1)² V1 ²

2MRL

WHERE, F = MEAN TRUNION PULL

L = LENGTH OF RECOIL

F MAX = F X 1.25
 REDUCTION IN
OVERTURNING MOMENT
1. INCREASE THE WEIGHT OF THE TANK (W).

2. REDUCTION OF TRUNION HT (H).

3. INCREASE THE LENGTH AND WIDTH OF

THE TANK(L).

4. REDUCE THE TRUNION PULL.

 REDUCTION OF TRUNION PULL

1. INCREASE WT OF THE RECOILING PARTS.

2. INCREASE THE RECOIL LENGTH.

3. FITMENT OF MUZZLE BRAKES.

4. BETTER RECOIL SYSTEM TO REDUCE TRUNION

PULL.
 MUZZLE BRAKE

1. RECOIL REDUCED BY 30 TO 40%.

2. PROBLEMS:
(a) MORE OBSCURATION.
(b) DISCARDING SABOT CANNOT
BE FIRED.
 G - EFFECTS
THE ACCELERATION THAT THE CREW IS
SUBJECTED TO AT THE TIME OF :-
(a) INITIAL MOVE OF TANK.
(b) TK BEING HIT.
(c) DURING GUN FIRING.

NOTE :- AN UNPREPARED CREW CAN

WITHSTAND UPTO 4 G (MAX).
 G- EFFECTS

R
H

P
C K H
H
O
W
ANGULAR ACCELERATION = R X H X G
WXK2
(a) K - RADIUS OF GYRATION
(b) 1.4G FELT WHEN 105 APDS RD FIRED.
(c) ASTRONAUTS TAKE 7-9 G DURING BOOT
PHASE BUT WITH THE HELP OF G SUITS.
(d) 2 -3 g FELT WHEN KE AMN HITS TK.
 OBSCURATION
1. PRIMARY OBSCURATION
(a) FLASH
(b) SHOCK
(c) BLAST & SMOKE
2. SECONDARY OBSCURATION
3. MISC FACTORS
(a) HEAT SHIMMERS
(b) GRATICULE MARKING
 OBSCURATION DUE TO A DOT
• OBSCURATION = APPARENT FD OF VIEW
MAGNIFICATION

DOT - 1M
FRINGE - 0.5 M
TOTAL - 2M

ACTUAL GRATICULE SIZES :-

(a) THICK LINE - 1.4 m
(b) THIN LINE - 0.3 m
(c) DOT - 1.0 m
OBSCURATION DUE TO A CROSS

TOTAL = 2.3M