Anatomy And

physiology Presentation
Presented by MuHammad idrees And Ikram Uddin
 Unit 5 Endocrine system
Topic Adrenal Gland
• Objectives
• At the end of the presentation the learners will be able to :
• Describe the Structure of Adrenal gland
• Describe the actions of adrenocorticoid hormones
• Describe the actions of adrenaline and nor adrenaline
• List the hormones secreted by the endocrine pancreas
• Describe the actions of insulin and glucagon.
 Adrenal Gland
• There are two adrenal glands. Each glands situated on the upper pole of the
kidney, Because of the situation adrenal glands are also called suprarenal Gland.
• They are about 4 cm long 3 cm thick and each glands weigh 4 gram
• Anatomy Of Adrenal Gland
• Adrenal gland is made up of two distinct parts
• Adrenal Cortex ( Outer portion 80% Of the gland )
• Adrenal medulla ( Central portion 20% Of the gland )
 Histology of Adrenal Gland
• Adrenal cortex is formed by three layers
• Outer ⇨ Zona glumerulosa
• Middle ⇨ Zona Fasiculata
• Inner ⇨ Zona reticularis
 Hormones of Adrenal cortex
➨ Corticosteroids which are classified into three groups
➢ Mineralocorticoid
• Mineralocorticoid are class of steroid hormones that regulate salt and water balances.
Aldosterone is the primary Mineralocorticoids
➢ Glucocorticoids
• They are anti inflammatory in all tissues and control metabolism in muscles , fat and
bone. Cortisol (Hydrocortisone) is the main glucocorticoid
• Secretion is Control through Negative feedback system involving the hypothalamus
 Continue
➢ Sex hormones
• Sex hormones secreted by Adrenal cortex are mainly androgens (Male sex
hormone) secreted by testes in puberty
 Hormones of Adrenal medulla

➤ Adrenaline
➤ Nor Adrenaline
• The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines, hormones that help your
body respond to stress. Catecholamines include adrenaline and
noradrenaline, also known as epinephrine and norepinephrine. Within
moments, your body releases adrenal medulla hormones to boost organ
functioning.
 Disorders Of Adrenal Gland
• Adrenal Insufficiency
• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
• Cushing Syndrome
• Hyperaldosteronism
• Pheochromocytoma
 Pancreas
• The pancreas is an organ in the back of your abdomen (belly). It is part of
your digestive system.
• Exocrine function: Produces substances (enzymes) that help with
digestion.
• Endocrine function: Sends out hormones that control the amount of
sugar in your bloodstream
.
 Pancreatic islets

• The cells that make up the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) are found in
clusters irregularly distributed throughout the substance of the pancreas.
• The endocrine Pancreas consists of clusters of cells known as islets of Langerhans
• There are three main types of cells in the pancreatic islets:
• α (alpha) cells, which secrete glucagon
• β (beta) cells, which are the most numerous, secrete insulin
• δ (delta) cells, which secrete somatostatin
 Hormones Secreted by pancreatic islets
• Insulin:
• Decrease glucose level in blood
• Increasing conversion of glucose to glycogen (Glycogenesis ) especially
in the liver and skeletal muscles
• Decreasing glycogenolysis ( Breakdown of glycogen in to glucose)
• Decreasing Carbohydrate and increase protein and fats
 Glucagon
• Glucagon increases glucose level in blood
• Conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver and skeletal muscles
(Glycogenolysis)
• Protein breakdown
 Somatostatin
• This hormone is also produce by hypothalamus
• The effect of this hormones inhibit secretion of both insulin and glucagon
 References

➢ Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2014). Ross & Wilson Anatomy and physiology
in health and illness E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
➢.endocrine.org
➢://www.sciencedirect.com/
➢ https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org
➢https://www.clevelandclinic.org