ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

GRADE X BIOLOGY
• The endocrine system includes the endocrine glands and their
hormones
• The function of the endocrine system is to secrete hormones into
the bloodstream.
• Hormone: A Chemical messenger which targets a specific group
of cells, in order to cause that group of cells do some activity or
stop doing an activity.
 ENDROCINE GLAND

• Endocrine Glands are called ductless

glands
• Release hormones directly into the
bloodstream
• Blood transports hormones throughout the
body
• Each hormone acts on only a certain kind
of tissue called its target tissue
THE WORK FLOW OF PITUITARY GLAND

ANS : automatic nervous

system
2 types : Parasympathetic and
Sympathetic
PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC
THE TARGET ORGAN
THE EXAMPLE OF THE IMPORTANT
ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Adrenal Gland

Pancreas

Testis and Ovary

ADRENAL GLAND
STRUCTURE

• The adrenal glands are located superior to each kidney.

• Each adrenal gland has a pyramid shape.
• Each adrenal gland has an inner medulla and outer cortex:
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
FUNCTION

Adrenal Cortex
1. Secrete Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)
• Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium if blood pressure drops
• It also secretes (eliminates) potassium

2. Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)
• Cortisol increases the level of sugar in the blood by stimulating the production of glucose from fats and
proteins (gluconeogenesis)
3. Gonadocorticoids
• The adrenal gland also makes small amounts of the sex hormones (mostly androgens (testosterone) and
lesser amounts of estrogens and progesterone
FUNCTION

Adrenal Medulla
• secretes the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
• Both epinephrine and norepinephrine contribute to the bodies' "fight or flight"
response, just like the sympathetic nervous system.
• They have the same effects as direct stimulation by the sympathetic NS (increase
heart rate, breathing rate, blood flow to skeletal muscles, and concentration of
glucose in the blood)
PANCREAS GLAND
 STRUCTURE

• Located along the lower curvature of the small intestine

(duodenum)
• The pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine cells
• The exocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes into the
duodenum via the pancreatic duct
• The endocrine portion has clusters of endocrine cells within
the pancreas called pancreatic islets or Islets of
Langerhans

• Alpha cells secrete glucagon

• Beta cells secrete insulin
HORMONE FUNCTION

• Glucagon increases the levels of glucose in the blood by stimulating the liver to

breakdown glycogen into glucose during fasting or starvation
• Insulin lowers blood glucose by increasing the rate of glucose uptake and
utilization
Glucagon raises blood glucose by increasing the rates of glycogen breakdown
and glucose manufacture by the liver
• The diagram shows how body maintain the
glucose balance.
• Explain why we have to keep silence when we are in the chicken farm?
• Some people have autoimmune disease, lead to immune system attack beta cells in the
pancreatic gland. Explain what happen to the people with autoimmune disease? And what
is the effect of their homeostatic ability in long term period!