UNIVERSITY OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURE

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
LEVEL 200
GROUP SIX
SEISMIC MIGRATION
 MEMBERS
1. APPIAL GYAN EUGENE
2. OTCHERE-OHEMENG DERRICK
3. OWUSU ANSAH BRIGHT
4. ADDAE ADOM BRIGHT
5. NANEGBE STEPHENIE
6. AVARADE ABOLIWEN BERNARD
7. ADOM COMFORT
8. OTU BENJAMIN
 OUTLINE
 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SEISMIC
 DEFINITION OF SEISMIC
 MAIN OBJECTIVES OF SEIMIC MIGRATION/USES
 WHY MIGRATION
 DIPP REFLECTOR AND ZERO-OFFSET DATA
 GRAPHICAL MIGRATION
 TYPES OF MIGRATION
 PRE-STACK AND POST STACK MIGRATION
 SEISMIC SURVEY
Seismic survey involves the
propagation of elastic waves
of finite velocity governed by
elastic properties of the rocks
in which they travel.
The reflected energies are
recorded by geophone or
hydrophones.
 SEISMIC MIGRATION
Seismic migration is the process of reconstructing
a seismic section so that reflected evens are
repositioned under correct vertical reflection time
and correct subsurface location.

A seismic section is a plot of seismic data along a

line. The vertical scale is the arrival time but
sometimes depth.
 WHY MIGRATION
Seismic expressions/sections
does not show the true position of
events.
At the surface, the CMP lies at the
middle of shot and receiver
positions. For a horizontal bed the
CDP lies exactly below the CMP.
The seismic section will show the
CDP not directly below the CMP,
thus there is a need to shift it to its
true position.
 ZERO-OFFSET REFLECTION
In zero-offset, there is no horizontal distance between the
source and the receiver such that the incidence and the
reflected waves pass through one common point(i.e the CMP-
CDP line).
 DIPP REFLECTOR
One main objective of migration is to move dipping
reflectors to their true positions.
This corrects a geometric displacement of data from a dipping
reflector and/or lateral velocity changes and places them in their
true spatial position rather than at an assumed point in depth
between the source and the receiver.
 GRAPHICAL MIGRATION
It is the simplest form of migration that assumes
constant velocity world and zero-offset data, in which a
geophysicist draws spheres or circles from the
receiver to the event location for all events. The
intersection of the circles then form the reflector’s
“true” location in time and space.
 TYPES OF MIGRATION ALOGORITHMS
Geophysicists can employ 1 of 2 fundamental types of
migration algorithms, defined by the domain in which they are
applied: time migration and depth migration.
Time migration data shows a plot of time travel against the
surface location.
Depth migration also show a plot of subsurface depth against
surface location. The various depths of a depth migration data
are calculated use the travel time data from the time migration
data. This is done using the equation d=vt/2 where d=depth,
v=velocity and t=time
Depth and time migration graph for a
syncline reflector
A hallow-shaped
reflector will create
a bow-tie shape in a
seismic profile
 TYPES OF MIGRATION
PRE-STACK MIGRATION

Pre-stack migration is essential when seismic data is adjusted

before the stacking sequence occurs.

In Pre-stack depth migration(PDM), knowledge on the

velocities of layers is required. Seismic sections will contain
some errors caused by dipping reflectors or diffractions. PDM
adjusts the picture according to the velocities given.
Pre-stack migration is often applied to layers with
complex velocity profiles(non-homogeneous layers).
Eg.salt diapirs

Over all, pre-stack migration, depth and time, is a

valuable tool in better imaging seismic data, but it is
limited by the amount of time and money required to
conduct a pre-stack migration.
 POST-STACK MIGRATION

Post-stack migration is the process of migration in

which the data is stacked after it has been migrated.
This process is for many reasons, mainly because of
its reasonable cost compared to pre-stack migration.

As in pre-stack,post stack is based on the idea that all

data elements represents either primary reflections or
diffractions.
The reason that migration is needed is due to the fact
that variable velocities and dipping horizons cause the
data to record surface positions different from their
sub-surface positions.

A disadvantage of using post stack migration compared to pre-

stack migration is that it does not give a clear results as pre-
stack. Post stack usually gives good results(when dip is small
or when dip do not interfere on migrated sections).
 REFERENCES
• https://
www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-s
ciences/seismic-migration
• https://
www.researchgate.net/publication/264938574_Migr
ation_of_Seismic_Data
• https://www.academia.edu/39767474/Migration_of_
seismic_data_basics_geology
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