INTRO TO STATISTICS P2

P O P U L AT I O N A N D S A M P L E
 Population Data or Sample Data?
• Population data is used when you are
gathering data from every individual of
interest.
• Ex: Asking the entire football team a question
• Sample data is used when you are
gathering data from some of the
individuals of interest.
• Ex: Asking only the offensive line a question and apply
it to the entire football team
POPULATI ON D ATA OR SAMPLE DATA?
THE US G OVERNM ENT TAKES A C ENSUS OF ITS CI TI ZENS EVERY 1 0 YEARS TO
GATHER I NFORMATION.

A. Population
B. Sample
 POPULATION DATA OR SAMPLE DATA?

You want to know what sports teens prefer

so you send out a survey to all the students
in your high school.

A. Population Data
B. Sample Data
 Population Data or Sample Data?

YOU WANT DATA ON THE SHOE SIZE OF ALL WEST

STUDENTS, SO YOU INTERVIEW EVERY STUDENT AT SCHOOL.

A. Population
B. Sample
Population Data or Sample Data?
YOU WANT TO KNOW HOW LONG PEOPLE IN
WINSTON-SALEM VISITED THE BEACH LAST
SUMMER, SO YOU POLLED 50 RANDOM
PEOPLE AT THE DIXIE CLASSIC FAIR.

A. Population
B. Sample
 Population Data or Sample Data?

YOU WANT TO KNOW THE AVERAGE GPA OF A WEST

STUDENT, SO YOU ASK ALL OF THE STUDENTS IN ALL
OF YOUR CLASSES.

A. Population
B. Sample
 PARAMETER VS. STATISTIC
• A statistic is a descriptive measure computed from
a sample of data.

• A parameter is a descriptive measure computed

from an entire population of data.

• Inferential statistics enables you to make an

educated guess about a population parameter
based on a statistic computed from a sample
randomly drawn from that population.
PARAMETER OR STATISTIC?
YOU WANT TO KNOW THE MEAN INCOME OF THE PEOPLE WHO
SUBSCRIBE TO PEOPLE MAGAZINE, SO YOU QUESTION 100
SUBSCRIBERS.

A. Parameter
B. Statistic
PARAMETER OR STATISTIC?

YOU WANT TO KNOW THE AVERAGE HEIGHT OF THE

STUDENTS IN THIS MATH CLASS, SO YOU HAVE
EVERYONE IN THE CLASS WRITE THEIR HEIGHT ON A
SHEET OF PAPER.

A. Parameter
B. Statistic
ACTIVITY:
• A committee on community relations in a
college town plans to survey local
businesses about the importance of students
as customers. From telephone book listings,
the committee chooses 150 businesses at
random. Of these, 73 return the
questionnaire mailed by the committee.
What is the population for this sample
survey? What is the sample?
WHAT THE PROCESS LOOKS
LIKE
START

1.
2.
POPULATION SAMPLE

5. 3.
4.
POPULATION SAMPLE
PARAMETERS STATISTICS

The Process of Statistical Study

WAYS TO GATHER DATA

• Survey – a questionnaire used to collect interesting data on a certain topic from a

sample of people.

• EX: You want to find out how many students in your class had a summer job.

• EX: The government wants to determine average household income in the

United States.

• EX: You want to know if tattoos have an influence on a person’s GPA.

 WAYS TO GATHER DATA
• Observational Study – we observe individuals and
measure variables of interest but do not attempt to
influence the responses. Observational Studies may
show a correlation between variables, but cannot
always guarantee causation.
• EX: A study of child care enrolled 1364 infants in 1991 and
planned to follow them through their sixth year in school. In
2003, the researchers published an article finding that “the more
time children spent in child care from birth to age four-and-a-
half, the more adults tended to rate them, both at age four-and-a-
half and at kindergarten, as less likely to get along with others,
as more assertive, as disobedient, and as aggressive.”
WAYS TO GATHER DATA

• Experiment – we deliberately impose some treatment on (that is, do

something to) individuals in order to observe their responses. Experiments
can carry more convincing evidence of a cause and effect relationship.

• EX: “Take the Pepsi Challenge” – in the 80’s Pepsi had a huge marketing
scheme that had people do a blind taste test to see which soda they
preferred – Pepsi or Coke.

• EX: Does Vitamin C reduce the causes of getting a common cold?

WHICH METHOD WOULD YOU CHOOSE?

YOU WANT TO KNOW THE AVERAGE GPA OF

A FOOTBALL PLAYER AT SCHOOL THIS YEAR.

A. Survey
B. Observational Study
C. Experiment
WHICH METHOD WAS USED?

THE GALLOP POLL QUESTIONS A SAMPLE OF

ABOUT 1500 ADULT U.S. RESIDENTS TO
DETERMINE NATIONAL OPINION ON A
VARIETY OF ISSUES.

A. Survey
B. Observational Study
C. Experiment
WHICH METHOD WOULD YOU CHOOSE?

DOES WORKING WITH COMPUTERS

IMPROVE STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN
SCHOOL?

A. Survey
B. Observational Study
C. Experiment
WHICH METHOD IS USED?
A KINDERGARTENER IS GIVEN THE OPTION TO EAT A
MARSHMALLOW IMMEDIATELY OR IF THEY CAN WAIT 5 MINUTES
THEY CAN HAVE 2 MARSHMALLOWS. YEARS LATER, THE
RESPONSE OF THE KINDERGARTENER WAS USED TO DETERMINE
IF DELAYING GRATIFICATION CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ON SAT
SCORES .

A. Survey
B. Observational Study
C. Experiment
WHICH METHOD IS USED?
MEDICAL RECORDS WERE USED TO DETERMINE IF
THERE IS A CORRELATION BETWEEN INDUCING
LABOR AND AUTISM IN CHILDREN.

A. Survey
B. Observational Study
C. Experiment
 SAMPLING
• When conducting a survey, experiment, or
observational study, it is almost impossible to
survey everyone in a population so people use
various sampling methods to gather
information.
• One major concern about sampling methods
is whether it is a biased or unbiased method to
gather information.
SAMPLING METHODS
• Simple Random sampling: when everyone in a population
has an equal chance of being chosen in the experiment.
• Stratified sampling: when the population is first divided into
similar categories and the number of members in each
category is determined.
• Systematic sampling: when you determine a method for
which to choose members of the population (assign numbers
to the population and then choose every 5th person to
participate)
• Cluster sampling: when you randomly put the population
into clusters and then choose a cluster randomly and then
randomly choose people in that cluster to participate.
Example if selecting 10 animals from 25 dogs, 15 cats, and 10 rabbits
• Simple Random sampling: when everyone in a population has an
equal chance of being chosen in the experiment.
Randomly selecting 10 from all 50 animals
• Stratified sampling: when the population is first divided into similar
categories and the number of members in each category is determined.
Select 5 from 25 dogs, 3 from 15 cats and 2 from the rabbits
• Systematic sampling: when you determine a method for which to
choose members of the population (assign numbers to the population
and then choose every 5th person to participate) Give every animal a
random number and then choose every 5th number
• Cluster sampling: when you randomly put the population into
clusters and then choose a cluster randomly and then randomly choose
people in that cluster to participate.
Randomly put the animals into 2 groups of 25, choose a group, and
then choose 10 from that selected group.
WHICH SAMPLING METHOD IS
USED IN THE SCENARIO BELOW?
A Gallop poll surveyed 1,018 adults by
telephone in 2 of the 6 regions of the country,
and 22% of them reported that they smoked
cigarettes within the past week.

A. Simple Random
B. Stratified
C. Systematic
D. Cluster
WHICH SAMPLING METHOD IS
USED IN THE SCENARIO BELOW?
A principal goes to one classroom in each
department and chooses two students from each
classes to participate in a school climate survey.

A. Random
B. Stratified
C. Systematic
D. Cluster
WHICH SAMPLING METHOD IS
USED IN THE SCENARIO BELOW?
WSFCS sends out a survey to parents by
generating a list of student numbers from
PowerSchool.

A. Simple Random
B. Stratified
C. Systematic
D. Cluster
CLUSTER VS. STRATIFIED
SAMPLING
Cluster Stratified

Clusters Groups

Data Data
Random Sample Population Random Sample Population
 Population

Sample

Non-Random Random

1. Volunteer 1. Simple Random

2. Convenience 2. Cluster
3. Stratified
4. Systematic
 BIASED QUESTIONS
• Some questions may use language that people can
associate with emotions:
– How much of your time do you waste on facebook?
• Some questions may refer to a majority or supposed
authority:
– Would you agree with the NCAE that teachers should be
paid more for earning their master’s degree?
• Phrased awkwardly:
– Do you disagree with people who oppose the ban on
smoking in public places?
 SAMPLING BIAS
• Sampling Bias occurs when one or more sub groups
of a population are either over represented or under
represented when conducting a survey or
experiment.
• Using the appropriate sampling method for the
question reduces bias.
• Discuss with your partner some examples of bias
that could occur when choosing a sample from a
population.
• Be prepared to share your examples.
BIASED OR UNBIASED – BE PREPARED TO
DEFEND YOUR RESPONSE.

A person asks, “Do you prefer delicious

pancakes or cold soggy cereal?

A. Biased
B. Unbiased
BIASED OR UNBIASED – BE PREPARED TO
DEFEND YOUR RESPONSE.

Asking people shopping at a farmer’s market if

they think locally grown fruit and vegetables
are healthier than supermarket fruits and
vegetables.

A. Biased
B. Unbiased
BIASED OR UNBIASED – BE PREPARED TO
DEFEND YOUR RESPONSE.
A survey about whether or not teachers who
earn their master’s degrees should be paid
more is sent out to all teachers in NC.

A. Biased
B. Unbiased
 WHAT IS NEEDED TO DETERMINE
CAUSATION FOR THE POPULATION

  Random No Random
Selection Selection

Random Causality Causality

Assignment Population Only to sample

No Random No causality No causality

Assignment Population No results!
 Resources used:
• "Next: Introduction to Data and Measurement Issues Surveys and
Samples." CK-12 Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Aug. 2013.
– Yates, Daniel S., David S. Moore, and Daren S. Starnes. The Practice of
Statistics: TI-83/84/89 Graphing Calculator Enhanced. New York: W.H.
Freeman, 2008. Print.
– Greg Fisher – Mount Tabor High School
– Christina Holst – Parkland High School
– Wendy Bartlett – Parkland High School
– Jeffrey Williams – West Forsyth High School