BONE

FRACTURES
WHAT IS FRACTURE?
a break in the continuity of a bone or cartilage.

OPEN FRACTURE (COMPOUND FRACTURE)

 The bone exits and visible through the skin, or

deep wound that exposes the bone through the
skin.

CLOSED FRACTURE (SIMPLE FRACTURE)

 The bone is broken, but the skin is intact.

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GREENSTICK FRACTURE

 Greenstick fracture occurs when a bone

bends and cracks, instead of breaking
completely into separate pieces.

 commonly occurs in children because their

bones are softer and more flexible than are
the bones of adults.

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TRANSVERSE FRACTURE

 The break is in a straight line across the

bone

 Some transverse process fractures are

caused by osteoporosis weakening your
bones without you knowing.

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SPIRAL FRACTURE

 Can occur when one extremity, such as your

foot, is planted while your body remains in
motion

 Commonly the result of sports injuries or

falling from a short distance

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OBLIQUE FRACTURE

 Occur when your bone is broken at an

angle

 They're usually caused by landing on your

bone at an angle after a fall, or when your
bone is hit suddenly from an angle

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COMMINUTE FRACTURE

 The bone is broken into more than two

pieces

 most commonly occur in the long bones of

arms and legs and are often accompanied by
pain and limited movement of the fractured
bone.

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DEPRESSED FRACTURE

 Broken bone is pressed inward (skull

fracture)

 usually resulting from blunt force

trauma, such as getting struck with a
hammer, rock or getting kicked in the
head.

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IMPACTED FRACTURE

 When a bone fractures, a piece of the bone

may impact another bone.

 Common causes are car accidents and

falls from a great height, like off a
ladder or roof.

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AVULSION FRACTURE

 Avulsion fracture is where a small piece of

bone attached to a tendon or ligament gets
pulled away from the main part of the
bone.

 the most common causes Contact

sports like lacrosse, boxing and
football.

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PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT:
AIMS:
(A)- safe life
(B)-save the limb
(C)-save the function

1. Efficient First Aid: This relieves the pain and prevents complications.
2. Safe transport: This help to minimize complications in injures to the spine,
fracture of the lower limbs, ribs etc (all fractures should be immobilized
immediately ) .
3. Assessment of condition of the patients for shock & other injuries.
4. Assessment of local condition of the injured limb regarding complications like
vascular injury, nerve involvement and injury to neighboring joints .
5. Resuscitation. If needed

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PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT:
6. Radiography of the part

 X-ray before plaster AP & LAT( to determine site and degree of displacement)
 Post Reduction films ( wet plaster) for insurance of good alignment
 Follow up films to assess healing
 Films Before removal of plaster to confirm complete healing

7. Reduction of the fracture (correction of displacement of fragments) and done by :

 closed Manipulation
 open reduction

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PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT:
8. Immobilization of the fragments.

External fixation
 Cast (plaster)
Internal fixation
 Screws
 Plates
 intramedullary nails and rod
 wires & pins

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BONE
BONES CELLS

 Osteocytes – Bone cells

 Osteoblast – Bone-building cells
 Osteoclast – Bone destroying cells

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BONE

 Homeostasis in our bone happen in our Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands. If

blood calcium level goes to high, Then our Thyroid is going to secrete a
chemical called, calcitonin to lower the blood calcium level.

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BONE
 Ossification, or osteogenesis, is the process of bone formation by
osteoblasts.

 Ossification is distinct from the process of calcification; whereas calcification

takes place during the ossification of bones, it can also occur in other tissues.

 Ossification begins approximately six weeks after fertilization in an embryo. Bone

growth continues until approximately age 25.

 Bones can grow in thickness throughout life, but after age 25, ossification
functions primarily in bone remodeling and repair

 Long bones continue to lengthen (potentially throughout adolescence) through the

addition of bone tissue at the epiphyseal plate.

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THANK YOU!
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