IMRD Format

Introduction, Methodology,
Results and Discussion
format
 Chapter 1 (traditional format)
• The Problem and its Setting
• Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
• Statement of the Problem
• Hypothesis of the Study
• Assumptions of the Study
• Scope and Delimitation
• Significance of the Study
• Definition of Terms
 IMRD Format
• Introduction
Background of the Study
This part contains the following but there are no
specific sections for them:
Review of related studies and literature
Definition of important terms
Significance of the Study
Statement of the problem
• The IMRD paper does not have the Scope and
Delimitation section.
• IMRD paper identifies the limitations of the
study, which refer to the constraints in the
conduct of the study.
• Studies have their own limitations and that is
acceptable.
• Most papers discuss this in the opening
paragraph of the Results section or Discussion
section.
 Chapter 2
• Review of Related
Literature
• Conceptual Literature
• Related Literature
• Synthesis
 IMRD Format
• The IMRD paper does not have
this section. The review of
related literature and studies is
incorporated in the introduction
 Chapter 3

•Methodology
 IMRD Format

•Methods or
Methodology
• The section on methodology in both papers
contain similar content such as research
design population, data gathering procedure,
analysis of data and statistical treatment.
Some parts will depend on the type of study,
whether it be in the traditional or IMRD
format. For example, not all studies will
require respondents or statistical treatment.
 Chapter 4

• Presentation,
• Analysis
• Interpretation of Data
 IMRD Format
• Results
Answers to the specific problems of the Study
• Discussion
Limitations of the Study, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data, Implications
Conclusions
Recommendations
• In traditional format, presentation and
discussion (analysis and interpretation)
are done in this section. In an IMRD
paper, only the results are presented.
Analysis is done in the discussion section,
which also includes the Conclusions and
Recommendations
 Chapter 5

•Summary
•Conclusions
•Recommendations
 IMRD format
• In an IMRD format, the Conclusion
and Recommendations are presented
in paragraphs. The limitations of the
study may also be presented in the
Conclusion. Some papers present
them in the Results section.