Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Antipolo National High School
Olilia Rd. Brgy. Sta. Cruz Antipolo City

Lesson 1:

Operation of Sets
SIR ANGELO REY V. NAVA
Mathematics Teacher
 2

Illustrate the union and intersection of

sets and the difference of two sets;
LESSON Icon

OBJECTIVE Solves problems involving sets with the use of

Venn Diagram; and
S:
Represents
Icon the absolute value of a number on a
number line as the distance of a number from
zero.
 3
UNFAMILIAR WORDS in MATH.

 INTEGERS ¿
 Whole Numbers { 0,1,2,3, 4,…. }
 Counting/Natural
Numbers
 Even Numbers { 2 , 4 ,6 , 8 ,10 , … . }
 Odd Numbers { 1 ,3 ,5 , 7 , 9 , … . }
 4
UNFAMILIAR WORDS in MATH.

 Prime Numbers { 2 , 3 ,5 ,7 ,11 , …. }

 Composite Numbers { 4 ,6,8,9,10,…. }
 Perfect Squares
 Multiples { 𝑆𝑘𝑖𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑏𝑦 …. }
 Factors {numbers can be divided without
remainder}
 5
Select your answer/s from the words inside the box.

1.What animals can live on land? Name them.

2.What animals can live in water? Name them.
3.What animals can live both in land and water?

DOG CAT FISH

FROG MILK FISH
COW TURTLE
1. What animals can live on 2. What animals can live 3. What animals can live
land? in water? both in land and water?
OPERATIONS ON SETS
NAME SYMBOL Definition
UNION is the set containing all elements that are
in A or in B.
INTERSECTION The set that consist of all elements that
are both in A and B
COMPLEMENT The complement of the Set A, is the set
OF A SET that contains the element not in Set A.
DIFFERENCE is a set of elements in A that are not in B.
OF TWO SETS
 INTERSECTION OF SETS

- The intersection of two sets A and B, written as , is

the set of all elements common to both sets A and B.

U A B
 PHILIPPINES WHAT ARE THE SET OF
COLORS OF EACH FLAG?

𝑃= {𝑟𝑒𝑑 , 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 , 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 , 𝑤h𝑖𝑡𝑒 }

SOUTH KOREA

𝐾 = {𝑟𝑒𝑑 ,𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 , 𝑤h𝑖𝑡𝑒 , 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 }

 What is the intersection of the 2 sets?
𝑃= { 𝑅𝐸𝐷 , 𝐵𝐿𝑈𝐸 , 𝑌𝐸𝐿𝐿𝑂𝑊 , 𝑊𝐻𝐼𝑇𝐸 }
𝐾 = { 𝑅𝐸𝐷 , 𝐵𝐿𝑈𝐸 ,𝑊𝐻𝐼𝑇𝐸 , 𝐵𝐿𝐴𝐶𝐾 }
𝑃∩ 𝐾 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑤,h}𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑟𝑒𝑑
={,
P K

red
yellow blue black
white
48 132
Example:
Given:
Set   X   is   the   set   of   months   that   has  31  days .
Set Y is the set of months that ends in “ber”.
Find:
𝐴∩ 𝐵=?
Solution:
X = {January, March, May, July, August, October, December}
Y = {September, October, November, December}
 Solution:
X = {January, March, May, July, August, October, December}
Y = {September, October, November, December}

𝑋 ∩𝑌 ={𝑂𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑟 , 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 } X Y

January
September
March October
May December
November
August
 UNION OF SETS
- The union of sets A and B, written as , is the set of
elements that are members of A, or members of B, or
members of both A and B.
U A B
 PHILIPPINES WHAT ARE THE SET OF
COLORS OF EACH FLAG?

𝑃= {𝑟𝑒𝑑 , 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 , 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 , 𝑤h𝑖𝑡𝑒 }

SOUTH KOREA

𝐾 = {𝑟𝑒𝑑 ,𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 , 𝑤h𝑖𝑡𝑒 , 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 }

 What is the union of the 2 sets?
𝑃= { 𝑅𝐸𝐷 , 𝐵𝐿𝑈𝐸 , 𝑌𝐸𝐿𝐿𝑂𝑊 , 𝑊𝐻𝐼𝑇𝐸 }
𝐾 = { 𝑅𝐸𝐷 , 𝐵𝐿𝑈𝐸 ,𝑊𝐻𝐼𝑇𝐸 , 𝐵𝐿𝐴𝐶𝐾 }
𝑃 ∪𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒={,
𝐾 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑤h𝑖𝑡𝑒 , , 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘
,}
P K

red
yellow blue black
white
63 60
Example:
Given:
Set   X   is   the   set   of   months   that   has  31  days .
Set Y is the set of months that ends in “ber”.
Find:
𝐴∪ 𝐵=?
Solution:
X = {January, March, May, July, August, October, December}
Y = {September, October, November, December}
 Solution:
X = {January, March, May, July, August, October, December}
Y = {September, October, November, December}
X Y
{January, March, May,
July, August, September, January
October, November, September
December} March October
May December November
August
 COMPLEMENT OF THE SET A
- The complement of the Set A, is the set of elements
that are not in set A but in the universal set.

- It is denoted as A’, read as A prime or complement of

A.
U A B
EXAMPLE:

U = {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
A = {2,4,6,8,10}
B = {2,3,5,7}

U A B
9 What is ?
8 3 What is ?
4
2 7
10 5
6
SOLUTION:

What is ?

U A B
9 U = {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
8 3 A = {2,4,6,8,10}
4
2 7 B = {2,3,5,7}
10 5
6 𝐴 ′ ={3,5,7,9 }
SOLUTION:

What is ?

U A B
9 U = {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
8 3 A = {2,4,6,8,10}
4
2 7 B = {2,3,5,7}
10 5
6 𝐵′ ={4,6,8,9,10 }
 8
7
36 56
 DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS
- The difference of set A and B, written as A – B,
is a set of elements in A that are not in B.

U A B
EXAMPLE:

A = {a, b, c, d, e}
B = {a, e, i, o, u}

A B
b u What is ?
c a
o What is ?
d e
i
SOLUTION:

What is ?

A B
A = {a,b,c,d,e}
b a u
B = {a,e,i,o,u}
c o
e i
d 𝐴− 𝐵={b , c , d }
SOLUTION:

What is ?

A B
A = {a,b,c,d,e}
b a u
B = {a,e,i,o,u}
c o
e i
d 𝐵− 𝐴={i , o ,u }
LET’S TRY A B
THIS!
If A = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
4
B = {8, 10, 12, 14} 8
C = {12, 14, 16} 6
12
Find: 10 14
(a) A ∪ C =
(b) A ∩ B = 16
(c) B – C =
C
 A B

4
8
(a) A ∪ C = {4,6,8,10,12,14,16}
6
12 (b) A ∩ B = {8,12}
10 14
(c) B - C = { }
16

C
Venn diagram is a diagram that uses
circles to represent sets. The relation
between the sets is indicated by the
arrangement of circles. The Venn
diagram is a way of representing sets
visually and is named after its
inventor, British mathematician John
Venn (1834 – 1923).
John Venn (1834 – 1923)
Venn diagram is a principal way of
showing sets diagrammatically. A B
This method consists primarily of
entering the elements of a set into a
circle or circles. It can be used to
solve word problems involving
union and intersection of sets.
 In solving problems involving set operations,
using the Venn diagram, the following are the
steps to be followed:
Step 1. Determine what is given and
what are being asked.
Step 2. Illustrate using the Venn diagram.
Step 3. Determine what operations to be
used.
Step 4. Use the operations.
Step 5. Answer the questions being
asked.
Example 1.

Let A and B be two finite sets such that n(A) = 15, n(B) = 23
and n(AUB)= 31.

Find n(A∩B).
Solution:
Step 1. Determine what is given and what are being asked.
Given: Asked:
n(A) = 15 n(AUB) = 31 Find n(A∩B).
n(B) = 23
Step 2. Illustrate using the Venn diagram if possible.

A 𝑨∩ 𝑩 B
Step 3. Determine what operations to be used.
Since,
n(A) = 15
15 n(AUB) = 31
31
n(B) = 23
23
Using the formula .
then,
𝑛( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)=𝑛( 𝐴)+𝑛( 𝐵) −𝑛( 𝐴 𝑈 𝐵)
n( A ∩ B ) = + –
n( A ∩ B ) = 7
Step 4. Use the operations.
Since,
n( A ∩ B ) = 7
To find A:
U A = 15 - 7
A=8
A 𝑨∩ 𝑩 B To find B:
B = 23 - 7
A = 16

Step 5. Answer the questions being asked.

n( A ∩ B ) = 7
Example 2:
In a Junior High School, 200 students were randomly selected. 140 liked
tea, 120 liked coffee and 80 liked both tea and coffee.

a. How many students liked only tea?

b. How many students liked only coffee?
c. How many students liked neither tea or coffee?
Solution:
Step 1. Determine what is given and what are being asked.
Given:
200 Junior High School students who were randomly selected
140 students who liked tea
120 students who liked coffee
80 students who liked both tea and coffee

Asked:
a. How many students liked only tea?
b. How many students liked only coffee?
c. How many students liked neither tea or coffee?
Step 2. Illustrate using the Venn diagram if possible.

Let T = set of students who like only tea

C= set of students who liked only coffee
X = set of students who liked neither tea nor coffee

T 80 C

X
Step 3. Determine what operations to be used.
Since,
140
n(T) = 140 = 80 80
120
n(C) = 120 n(U) = 200

To obtain the number of students To obtain the number of students who

who liked tea only: liked coffee only:
U U
T= C=
T= C=
T 80 C T 80 C
T = 60 C = 40
X X
 n(T) = 140 = 80
n(C) = 120 200
n(U) = 200

To obtain the number of students who neither like tea nor

coffee:

U X=
X= 60 40 80
T 80 C X=
X=
X
 U

60
T 80 40
C

20
X

Step 5. Answer the questions being asked.

a. How many students liked only tea? 60
b. How many students liked only coffee? 40
STUDENTS
20
c. How many students liked neither tea or coffee?STUDENTS
STUDENTS