Learning

Competency
• Explain how protein
is made using
information
from DNA
 DNA
PUZZLE
 CENTRAL DOGMA OF LIFE/
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Protein Synthesis Codes in DNA

A, T, G, C Sequence
Central
Central Dogma
Dogma
Of
Of Life
Life
? ? ?
? ? ?
What is
the
‘Central Dogma’?
 Central Dogma
The central dogma of molecular
biology explains the flow of
genetic information, from DNA
01
to RNA, to make a functional
product, a protein
The central dogma suggests that
02 DNA contains the information
needed to make all of our
proteins, and that RNA is a
messenger that carries this
information to the ribosomes
The process by which the DNA
instructions are converted into
03 the functional product is called
gene expression
Gene is the segment of DNA
04 encoding a particular protein
expression. Gene has two key
stages - transcription and
translation
The central dogma states that the pattern of information
that occurs most frequently in our cells is:

• From existing DNA to

make new DNA (DNA
replication)
Tiger
• From DNA to make new
RNA (transcription)

• From RNA to make new

proteins (translation).
Pig Chicken

Replication is
semiconservative in nature
- Transcription -
Process by which mRNA is synthesized based on the
DNA template.

- During Translation -
During translation, these messages travel from where
the DNA is in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes
where they are ‘read’ to make specific proteins.
Transcription
 Gene Segment of DNA
(encoding protein)

Template for mRNA synthesis

mRNA Set of instructions

Set of instructions Amino acids in series

(Chain of Amino Acids)

Proteins Sequence of Amino Acids

Transcription
Involvement of:
- Enzymes
- Sub-steps
 Transcription
DNA mRNA

• Opening of the DNA

double helix Transcription

• Assembling the set of

enzymes

• Gather of nucleotides

After all these steps, an Difference:

mRNA is formed • Single stranded
• Thymine is
replaced by Uracil
PART # II
 For example, a man asks you a question
in a language that you don’t
understand…
???

The only way to

solve this is
through the
@#!$$@@ process of
Translation
Translation
 Translation

Translation means
converting
something into a Tiger
simpler,
understandable
form
Pig Chicken
What’s being translated?

The code hidden in

the mRNA molecule.
 Transcription

The process of
transcription helps in
copying the code
written on the DNA.
That means it forms the
mRNA

Now the mRNA comes out

of the nucleus through the
nuclear pore and enters the
cytoplasm.

Here the
process of
translation
begins.
 Directionality of an mRNA
molecule

5’ – Methyl Cap 5’ – Poly (A) Tail

5’ 3’
This region is
5 prime end 3 prime end
02 called the poly A
tail.
We can recognize these ends
01 with the help of specific The 5 prime end on the other hand has
markers. 03 a cap of methyl group. Thus this end
is said to be methylated.
- Why is directionality needed? -

Assembly
!
5’ – Methyl Cap 5’ – Poly (A) Tail

It's extremely important. The assembly that carries

out transcription binds to the mRNA near the 5 prime
end.
How does the assembly know that
it is the 5 prime end?
Methyl Cap

5’ – Methyl Cap 5’ – Poly (A) Tail

The easiest way to recognize the 5 prime end is by

the presence of the methyl cap. This is how the
assembly understands to bind near the 5 prime
end and not to the poly A tail.
What exactly is this assembly that
we're referring to?
Larger
Unit
Assembly
Smaller
5’ – Methyl Cap 5’ – Poly (A) Tail Unit

Well, that's the ribosome unit. Two units of

ribosomes, one small and one large, form an
assembly that helps in the process.
 Ribosomes are basically a
complex assembly Remember the
small dots attached
to the surface of
the rough
endoplasmic
reticulum?

Tiger
We find them in
the diagram of a
Which acts like a typical cell.

molecular machine
for protein Chicken

synthesis.
 Ribosomes are usually made up
of two subunits

01 A smaller and a larger one Once this is done the larger

03 subunit binds and completes the
assembly.

The smaller subunit binds to the

02 mRNA at the initiation site.
 Next…
tRNA

And released from the

03 ribosomal unit.
Now the other type of RNA
called tRNA steps in to get
01 the remaining work done.

The chain is further modified

04 to achieve a proper
At the end a chain of amino configuration so that the
02 acids is formed protein becomes functional.
This is how the translation
process works
The code of mRNA is translated
01 and the protein chain is
synthesized out of it.

The process of transcription and

02 translation together are called as
gene expression.

The code of a gene is transcribed

first and then translated into the
03 form of proteins.
 APPLICATION
What is/are the application/s of
protein synthesis to:
A. Genetic engineering?
B. Recombinant DNA?
TO SUM UP EVERYTHING
 We've talked so far is all about
the processes in eukaryotes

Such high level of organization is found only in

eukaryotes.
But what are eukaryotes?
 Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotes
- A cell with a well-defined nucleus
- A highly organized system
 Prokaryotic Cells
The replication process in prokaryotes is slightly different.

- Cells which lack of proper membrane bound

nucleus and organization
Since they lack the proper membrane bound organelles and
nucleus, they do not undergo such complex and sophisticated
processes.
Assessment Time!
Assessment

Start!
ASSESSMENT

QUESTION 1
 2
3
4
5
1
Which of the following is not a base found in DNA?

A. ADENINE C. URACIL

B. CYTOSINE D. THYMINE
ASSESSMENT

QUESTION 2
 1
2
5
3
4
How does RNA differ from DNA?

A RNA contains uracil B RNA contains ribose

and deoxyribose and thymine

C RNA contains uracil D RNA contains

and ribose adenine and ribose
ASSESSMENT

QUESTION 3
 2
3
4
5
1
  In what process is mRNA synthesized?

A. TRANSLATION C.TRANSCRIPTION

B. REPLICATION D. CENTRAL DOGMA

ASSESSMENT

QUESTION 4
 3
5
2
4
1
Which of the following sequences of process correctly
reflects the central dogma?

A protein synthesis transcription B protein synthesis translation

translation transcription

C transcription translation D translation transcription

protein synthesis protein synthesis
ASSESSMENT

QUESTION 5

Home
 ASSESSMENT

What process is going on in this photo?

 2
4
1
5
3
What process is going on in this photo?

A Transcription B Translation

C Replication D Protein Synthesis

- That is all for today -

Thank
Thank You!
You!