ORTHOGRAPHIC

DEFINITI
PROECTION
ON

TYPES

JARGONS

CONVERSI

FURTHE
ON

R
ORTHOGRAPHIC projection is a method of drawing in which Isometric
views are SPLITTED into three separate SURFACES. While isometric
drawing looks at all the three views (or faces) of an object together,
orthographic looks at the same three views separately. In orthographic
projections, we can look at each view and see its “correct or true shape”.
NOTE: Orthographic projection gives TRUE shape, angles and size and it
is drawn at angle of 900 to the surfaces
 TYPES

1ST ANGLE 3RD

ANGLE

JARGON
S

PLAN PLA PRINCIPA QUADRAN

E N L PLANE T
CONVERSION FROM ISOMETRIC TO
ORTHOGRAPHIC
 FURTHER EXPLANATION ON ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Orthographic projection is a method of drawing an by which a 3 dimensional view
(Say Isometric or Oblique views) are SPLITTED into three SURFACES (Plane
views). While isometric drawing looks at all the three views (or faces) of an object
together, orthographic looks at the same three views separately but linked together.
In orthographic projections, we can look at each view and see its “correct or true
shape”. Orthographic projection is the only drawing that shows the shape, angles and
size of each part of the article to be constructed as they really are. The students should
be able to visualize direct projection i.e. to see clearly from the ‘minds’ eyes’.
See the block suspended in the glass below.
PRINCIPAL PLANES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Orthographic projection uses two main planes called the principal planes of projection, they are the vertical
plane planes and the horizontal planes. These two planes intersect, producing four quadrants.
PRINCIPAL PLANES OF PROJECTION
1. Vertical Plane: The views on the vertical plane are front elevation and end elevation (side elevation).
2. Horizontal plane: This shows the plan in the quadrants in the figure above. The quadrant 0-90 o contains the
first angle and quadrant 180o-270o contains the third angle. Since the second and fourth quadrants would
combine the two systems, we do not use them.
ANGLES OF PROJECTION
There are two main methods or orthographic projection as earlier said, they are:
1. First angle projection
2. Third angle projection
The principal views are the front elevation side (end) elevation and the plan.
PRINCIPAL VIEWS
1. Front elevation: This is the main view, it is obtained by looking at the given front of the object to be drawn.
The front elevation is seen in the vertical plane.
2. End (side) elevation: This is obtained by looking by looking at the given side of the object. The end
elevation is also seen in the vertical plane [i.e. auxiliary/side vertical plane (S.V.P)].
3. Plan: This view is obtained by looking vertically down on the given object from the above. The plan is seen
on the horizontal plane (H.P).
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
This method in developed in the United Kingdom. In first angle projection, the elevations at the front are the
horizontal plane placed below the x and y above the plan. The hidden detail is shown by short dashes. It
should be noted that the left side elevation is usually placed at the right hand side.
Assessment
In a tabular form and keeping to this criteria, differentiate between 1st Angle and 3rd Angle Orthographic
Projection. CRITERIA:- definition, arrangement of views, use by!
 SCALE
DEFINITI
ON

EXAMPLES

TYPES

CONVERSI
ON

construction
SCALE: A device with MARKING, uniform GRADATION and with an
R.F.(Representative Fraction) used for MEASUREMENT. NOTE: The
Representative Fraction of a SCALE is the Mathematical application of Scale
use for Enlargement and Reduction of paper work to real life work.
 TYPES of technical scale

Plane scale

Diagonal
scale
Scale of
chord

examples

maths Geographical Science scale Technological

map
 CONVERSION AND CONSTRUCTION OF SCALE
1.CONSTRUCT A SCALE of 2cm = 1meters to read up to 6meters in decimeters
2. CONSTRUCT A SCALE of 3cm = 1decimeter to read up to 4 decimeters in
centimeters.
3. CONSTRUCT A SCALE of 1.5 times Full Size to read up to 8cm in Millimeters.
4. CONSTRUCT A SCALE of 1over 3 to read up to 4dm in Centimeters
NOTE: The above examples belong to plane scale since they have two degree of
accuracy and two unit to measure up to!
5. CONSTRUCT A DIAGONAL SCALE of cm to read up to 11cm in Millimeters
and Tenth of Millimeter.
6. CONSTRUCT A DIAGONAL SCALE of twice full size to read up to 6cm in
Millimeter and Tenth of a Millimeters.
7. CONSTRUCT A DIAGONAL SCALE of 3cm = 1meter to read up to Decimeter
and Centimeters.
8. CONSTRUCT A DIAGONAL SCALE of 1 over 4 Full size to read up to
5decimeters in Centimeters and Millimeters.
 Welding, soldering; brazing
ARC Welding:- the JOINING of two or more metals
together at a temperature of 1500OC and above using
electrode, welding machine, electrode holder.

Terms:- Electrode, Welding machine, Base metal,

Precautions.
SOLDERING:- the JOINING of two or more metals
together at a temperature of 180OC—350OC using
soldering-iron, solder (Filler rod) and flux.
Brazing (AKA GAS WELDING):- the JOINING of two
or more metals together at a temperature of 360OC—
750OC using welding-torch, Filler rod, flux in the
presence of Oxy-acetylene flame.
TOOLS USE IN SOLDERING. Soldering stand,
soldering iron, soldering bit, soft solder, soldering
sponge, crocodile clip, Flux et-cetra!
Terms:- Filler rod, Flux, Base metal, Precautions.
Terms in brazing:- Oxy-acetylene flame, Flames,
Rosin, Borax, Precautions. Oxidation process
of Flux! Gas cylinder, Carbide.
 WELDING WELDING TORCH

TORCH standard sketch

 WELDING TORCH standard
FLUX:- It is a PASTE like substance use to
increase fluidity, Impurities removal, Oxidation!
ELECTRODE:- a rod that bridge the gap
between two base metal and melt the metal
together help in reduction of Oxidation in metal!
MACHINES + MOTION = MECHANISM
MECHANISM is the JOINT INTERRACTION
of simple Machines in Motion.
TYPES OF SIMPLE MACHINES = SHIPWALL
S = SCREW e.g. Bolt and Nut. Threaded devices
H = HYDRAULIC PRESS e.g Hydraulic Jack & brake
I = INCLINE PLANE e.g. wedge, ladder, staircase
P = PULLEY e.g. All wheels that use belt.
WA = WHEEL AND AXLE e.g. All Tyres and Shaft
L = LEVER e.g. P L E devices. Pivot, Load and Effort devices
G = GEAR e.g. toothed wheels
 Rotary linear motion conversion
MOTION:- Motion can be define as MOVEMENT from one point to another.

TYPES OF MOTION
(i) LINEAR = Writing on a straight line. Running on a
straight track
(II) CIRCULAR = Children moving round. The earth
moving round the sun
(III) ROTATIONAL = A ceiling fan blade pinned. A
stone and whirl round the head
(IV) RANDOM = A movement of a gas molecule. A
drunker movement
(V) RELATIVE = A movement of a surface over
another.
(VI) SHM = To-fro Motion of a swing. A needle of a
sewing machine.
ROTARY TO LINEAR CONVERSION
(i) SCREW DRIVER & SCREWS
(II) SPANNER & BOLT
(III) SCREW JACK = CARRIER
(IV) FLY WHEEL = NEEDLE

LINEAR TO ROTARY CONVERSION

(i) SLIDER = CRANK
(ii) PISTON = CRANK
(iii) RACK = PINION
TRANSFORMER = A DEVICE STEP-UP OR STEP-DOWN VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE = Work-done OR Energy exercise across a
Circuit = potential energy difference

CURRENT = FLOW of charges (e— ) electrons

TRANSFORMER = INTERNAL STRUCTURE use for
STEPPING-UP OR STEPPING-DOWN VOLTAGE
WELDING MACHINE = TRANSFORMER
EXAMPLES OF TRANSFORMER = Welding Machine,
Stabilizer, Wall Socket Adapter
STABILIZER AS A TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER INTERNAL STRUCTURE

LOCALLY MADE WELDING MACHINE = TRANSFORMER
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER = More Coils in the PRIMARY WINDING than the Second Winding
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER= More Coils in the SECONDARY WINDING than the Primary Windings

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN A CURRENT AND A VOLTAGE WITH TWO DIFFERENCES ONLY

SECOND TERM
BEGINS
HERE
2023
 Introduction to technology
DEFINITI
ON

Types of tech

Product of
tech

application

disadvantages
TYPES OF TECH: (1) ICT (2) Electrical (3) Electronic (4)
Agricultural (5) Educational (6) Building Tech (7) Medical tech
(8) Nuclear Tech
TECHNOLOGY: Is the application of SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES to
solve human PROBLEMS
NOTE: Your definition of TECHNOLOGY should not be devoid of these
words (1) SCIENTIFIC (2) TECHNIQUES (3) PROBLEMS
 MATERIALS AND THEIR USES
DEFINITI
ON

MATERIAL
Types of

USES
Properties
S

COMPARISO
N
MATERIAL: Is the same as MATTER around us which exist in the form of
SOLID, LIQUID or GAS!!!
TYPES OF MATERIAL: (1) SOLID (2) LIQUID (3) GAS
NOTE: Your definition of MATERIAL should not be devoid of this words
MATTER
 PROPERTIES OF THESE
SOLID METAL, WOOD,
CERAMICS
ELECTRICA

HEAT
L

MAGNETI

SOUN

DUCTILE
DECAY
C

SHIN

MALLEABL
D

E
METALLIC PROPERTIES IN TERM OF: Electrical, Heat, Magnetic,
Sound, Shiny, Decay, Ductile, Malleable.
WOOD PROPERTIES IN TERMS OF: Electrical, Heat, Magnetic, Sound,
Shiny, Decay, Ductile, Malleable.
CERAMICS PROPERTIES IN TERM OF: Electrical, Heat, Magnetic,
Sound, Shiny, Decay, Ductile, Malleable.
LINE AND LINE-WORK (BISECTION & TRISECTION OF A LINE)
 CONSTRUCTION OF POLYGONS
(BISECTION & MARKING NO. 4 AND 6
 ISOMETRIC DRAWING = DRAWING @ 30O
OBLIQUE DRAWING = DRAWING @ 45O

BASIC TECHNOLOGY PRACTICALS = PICTORIAL DRAWING @ 30O

OBLIQUE DRAWING = DRAWING @ 45O OR 30O