GLOBAL

MIGRATION
What is migration?
The geographical definition of migration is the movement of people
across a specified boundary to establish a new permanent or semi-
permanent residence.

• Migration is the movement of people from one region to another for the
purpose of settlement.

• Immigration is the movement of people into a country to settle.

• Emigration is the process by which people leave a country to settle in

another country.
TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION
1. Internal Migration
Refers to people moving from one area to another within one country.

2. International Migration
People cross borders of one country to another.
• Move permanently to another country (immigrants)
• Workers who stay in another for a fixed period (at least 6 months in a
year)
• Illegal migrants
• Whose families have “petitioned” them to move to the destination country)
• Refugees
WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

International migration can have so-called 'push' and 'pull' factors:

• Push factors are based upon the country of origin. These are factors which
may cause the migrants to have the desire to move.

Wars
Political instability and economic crisis
Ethnic and religious persecution
Natural and man-made disasters, such as earthquakes.
Poverty
Unemployment
Low wages and poor working conditions
Shortages of food, water, or healthcare.
WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

International migration can have so-called 'push' and 'pull' factors:

• Pull factors are based upon the intended destination of the migrant (the
host country). These are factors that attract people to a new place.

Pull factors
Better quality of life and standard of living
Varied employment opportunities, higher wages
Better healthcare and access to education services
Political stability, more freedom
Better life prospects
For retirees; a range of services to cater to their needs, or environmental
characteristics, such as the coast.
Stephen Castles’ s Criteria of Migration

1. Temporary labor migrants - Temporary labor migrants are generally in employment

for all their duration of stay in the host country. This is the case of migrants hired by
host country employers for a limited duration and return to their country of origin at
the end of their employment spell in the host country.

2. Highly-skilled and business migrants -  highly skilled migration refers generally to

the stream of migrant, i.e. foreign workers sharing specific characteristics and who
therefore qualify for a particular visa category.

3. Illegal migrants - The term ‘undocumented immigrant’ refers to anyone residing in

any given country without legal documentation. It includes people who entered
the U.S. without inspection and proper permission from the government, and
those who entered with a legal visa that is no longer valid.
4. Refugees - a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape
war, persecution, or natural disaster.

5. Asylum Seekers – An asylum seeker is a person who leaves their country of

residence, enters another country and applies for asylum in that other country. An
asylum seeker is an immigrant who has been forcibly displaced and might have fled
their home country because of war or other factors harming them or their family.

6. Forced Migration - Refers to the forcibly induced movement of people, for

example, when migrants are forced to flee to escape conflict or persecution or
become trafficked.

7. Family members - Family migration is the term used to categorize the migration of
people who migrate due to new or established family ties.

8. Returned migrants -  The voluntary or involuntary return of travelers and migrants

to their place of origin. Student migrants who return after studying abroad are an
example.
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