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PRACTICAL RESEARCH
 UNIT 4- LEARNING FROM OTHERS
AND RRL
◦ Literature is an oral or written record of man’s significant
experiences that are artistically conveyed in prosaic manner.
◦ A review of related literature is an analysis of man’s written or
spoken knowledge of the world.
◦ In doing RRL, you deal with both formal and direct and
informal or indirect expression of man’s knowledge.
(Wallman2014)
PROCESS FOR RRL
◦STAGE 1 – Search for the Literature
◦STAGE 2 – Reading the Source Material
◦STAGE 3- Writing the Review

◦ STANDARD STYLE = APA/MLA OR CHICAGO MANUAL OF

STYLE
 APA STYLE
CITATION
◦ When using APA format, follow
the author-date method of in-text
citation. This means that the author's
last name and the year of publication for
the source should appear in the text,
like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One
complete reference for each source
should appear in the reference list at the
end of the paper.
 MLA STYLE
CITATION
◦ MLA format follows the author-page
method of in-text citation. This means
that the author's last name and the page
number(s) from which the quotation or
paraphrase is taken must appear in the
text, and a complete reference should
appear on your Works Cited page.
Integral and Non-Integral Citations
◦ In integral citations, the name of the author appears in the
sentence itself. However, in non-integral citations, the
name of the author normally appears in parenthesis after
the sentence, usually by using the author's last name and
the year of publication.
Integral and Non-Integral Citations
◦ According to Smith (2007), funding
is one of the main problems which
educators face.
◦ Jones (2009) stated that state
government should do more to
address the problem.
PATTERNS OF TENSE OF THE VERBS
CITATIONS FOR REPORTING
◦ Summary ◦ Active verbs are effective –
◦ Paraphrase present, past or perfect tense)
◦ Short Direct Quotation
(not more than 40
◦ APA system prefers the use of
words)
present perfect tense
◦ Long Direct Quotation
or Block
 VERB PLAGIARISM
TENSES ◦ Plagiarism is the act of using someone
◦ PRESENT TENSE – else’s ideas, words, or thoughts as your
own without giving credit to the other
Chris explains person. When you give credit to the
◦ PAST TENSE – original author (by giving the person’s
Chris explained name, name of the article, and where it was
posted or printed), you are citing the source
◦ PRESENT
. Plagiarism is when you do not include this
PERFECT TENSE – information in your paper.
Chris has explained
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