CITATION &

REFERENCIN
G
Lesson 6
 Citation
- It is the process of acknowledging
the sources of information that you have
used in your manuscript.
ORGANIZE BY OUTLINING

 Chronological
- From older to recent publication
 Thematic
- Organized around several key themes
Styles of
CITATIO
N
 INTEGRAL CITATION
- The authors surname is included
as part of the sentence construction.

e.g. According to Lupogan (2014) that…

One study conducted by Lim et al.
(2013)…
 NON-INTEGRAL CITATION

- The authors surname is not part

of the sentence but rather included
through inside parenthesis.
e.g.
… the energy is just the product of mass
and the square of speed of light. (Einstein,
1895)
… writing research is not only effort but
with passion (Lupogan, 2019).
Patterns of
CITATIO
N
 SUMMARY

– is a record in a reader’s own words

that gives the main points of a piece of
writing.
 PARAPHRASE

– rewording of something written or

spoken by someone else.
 DIRECT QUOTATION

– one in which you copy an author’s

words directly from the text and use that
exact wording in your statement with
quotation mark.
WAYS OF CITATION

Reword
Rephrase
Paraphrase
 REWORDING

- It is the process of swapping of

words with its synonym/s.
 EXAMPLE
 Original: We were sorry that we didn’t
see you at the conference.
 Rewording: We were sorry not to see
you at the conference.
 Original: Theolder citizens were
honored with a march for veterans.
 Rewording: The senior citizens were
honored with a march for veterans.
 REPHRASING

- It means changing the sentence

order.
 EXAMPLE
 Original: I like apple.
 Rephrasing: Apple is something I like.
 Original: Bathroom, please.
 Rephrasing : Where is the bathroom?
 PARAPHRASING

- It is the process of rewriting text.

 EXAMPLE
 Original:
Felip is into running, taekwondo, and
swimming.
 Paraphrasing:
Felip is a sports enthusiast.
 Original: The majority of consumers
prefer imported cars.
 Paraphrasing: Foreign cars are
preferred by most customers.
 Referencing
- It is the process of organizing the
written works cited in your text.
- It is usually in a form of a list found
at the end of the document.
Basic Types of
REFERENCIN
G STYLE
 1. American Psychological
Association (APA)
- It is the most commonly used format
in citing references.
- It provides author’s surname and
year of publication in the citation with a
complete details in the bibliography of the
research.
 - It is used in Social Sciences such as
Psychology, Sociology, Nursing,
Criminology, Social Work, Business,
Education.
 - It follows the author-date system of
citation.
The last name of the author and the date of
publication of the work must appear in the
text (e.g., Avilla, 2009).
The complete bibliographic information
should appear on the “Reference List”
page.
Note:
In APA citation style, the page
number is used only if you are directly
quoting the material, or making reference
to an entire book, article or other work.
BASIC GUIDELINES
WHEN USING APA
STYLE
OF CITATION
(PURDUE UNIVERSITY ONLINE WRITING LAB)
 WORK BY A SINGLE AUTHOR

- The last name of the author and the

year of publication are placed in the text.
 When the name of the author is part of
the narrative, only the date is placed in
the parentheses.
e.g.
Santos (2014) asserted that education
alleviates poverty.
 When both information are in the
parenthesis, the year is separated from the
surname with a comma.
e.g.
…education alleviates poverty (Santos,
2014).
WORK BY TWO AUTHORS
- Name both authors in the signal
phrase or in the parentheses each time
you cite the work.
 Use the word “and” between the authors’
names within the text and use the
ampersand in the parentheses.
e.g.
Santos and Reyes (2014) explained
that….
… as has been shown (Santos & Reyes,
2014)
 WORK BY THREE TO
FIVE AUTHORS
- List all the authors in the signal
phrase or in parentheses the first time
you cite the source.
 Use the word “and” between the authors’
names within the text and use the
ampersand in the parentheses.
e.g.
David, Garcia, and Isabelo (2014)
(David, Garcia, & Isabelo, 2014)
 In subsequent citations, only use the first
author’s last name followed by “et al.” in
the signal phrase or in parentheses.
e.g.
(David et al., 2014)
 SIX OR MORE AUTHORS

- Use the first author’s name followed

by “et al.” in the signal phrase or in
parentheses.
e.g.
David et al. (2014) argued….
(David et al., 2014)
 UNKNOWN AUTHOR
- If the work does not have an author,
cite the source by its title in the signal
phrase or use the first word or two in the
parentheses.
 Titles of books and reports are italicized
or underlined; titles of articles, chapters,
and Web pages are in quotation marks.
e.g.
A similar study was done of students
learning to format research papers
(“Using
APA”, 2001)..
Note:
In the rare case the “Anonymous” is
used for the author, treat it as the author’s
name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference
list, use the name “Anonymous” as the
 ORGANIZATION AS AN
AUTHOR
- If the author is an organization or
a government agency, mention the
organization in the signal phrase or in
the parenthetical citation the first time
you cite the source.
e.g.
First citation: According to the
National
Institute of Chemistry (2013)
(National Institute of Chemistry, 2013)
Second citation: (NIC, 2013)
2. Modern Language Association
(MLA)
- It provides author’s surname
and page number.
- It involves putting relevant source
information in parenthesis after the
quote.
 - The source of information required in
a citation in parenthesis depends on the
source medium and its source in the
bibliography.
- It is used in Humanities such as
History, Literature, Language, Philosophy,
Art, Theater, Religion, Anthropology.
 - it follows the author-page method
of in-text citation.
- Instead of the author’s surname and
year of publication, this style uses the
author’s last name and the page number(s)
from which quotation or paraphrase in the
citation was lifted, and the complete
bibliographic information appears on the
“Works Cited” page.
Types of
MLA
 PARENTHETICAL
CITATION
e.g.
MLA is “the second most popular citation
style” (Smith and Morrison 17-19).
 NARRATIVE CITATION
e.g.
According to Smith and Morrison, MLA
is less dominant than APA in the US (17-
19).
 COMBINING CITATIONS
e.g.
Livestock farming is one of the biggest
global contributors to climate change
(Garcia 64; Davies 14).
 2 Basic Referencing System

One Author
• End note: Eugene Ray F. Santos,
Overcoming Writing Apprehension through
Photo voice (Rizal: Morong National High
School, 2017), 21
 In-text citation

 Santos, Overcoming Writing

Apprehension, 21.
 Bibliographic entry

 Santos, Eugene Ray F. Overcoming Writing

Apprehension through Photo voice. Rizal:
Morong National High School, 2017.
 Citation and Referencing are
essential to avoid being accused of
plagiarism, or copying of one’s
work.
 Plagiarism refers to using
somebody’s else’s ideas, words
research, or other kinds of material
as your own without giving proper
credit to the source.
RA 10175 - Cybercrime Prevention Act
THANK YOU!