Lecture

Energy Storage Systems,

Energy Conservation and
Deregulation

Renewable Energy Systems

Energy Storage Systems

• Costly
• Economics

• Pumped storage, compressed air, H2 gas,

batteries, flywheels and super conducting coil.
Storage peak loads rather than gas
turbines
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRvyoAhuhtA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVDh_4ymcyY
Secondary Batteries

• Lead Acid Batteries invented by

Plante in 1860.

• Battery powered vehicles

• Sodium sulphur battery (200Wh/kg)
and other combination of materials developed to
get more output and storage/unit weight
Battery Energy Storage
Pumped Energy Storage
Compressed Air Energy Storage
Hydrogen Storage
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Fuel Cells

Chemical Energy Electricity

directly with no intermediate combustion cycle
O2

H2 Water + Electricity

FC
Porous electrodes allow H ions to pass
A fuel cell works by passing hydrogen through the anode of a fuel
cell
Energy Conservation

• Cheapest , new source of energy

• Energy saved > energy generated
• Various conservation measures:
– co-generation, use of energy efficient motors to avoid
wasteful electricity use
To avoid:
• Unnecessary high lighting levels
• Oversized motor
 Energy Conservation

A 9W CFL may be used in place of 40W tube light

or 60W bulb; all have same lumens output
– Payback period? <1yr

Use print or electronics media for awareness

consumption level reduced without lowering the
comfort
• T &D losses <20%
Energy Conservation
• Series/shunt compensation

• FACTS devices

• Power factor improvement

• Voltage control

• HVDC option
 Energy Conservation

• Gas turbine +Steam turbine Peak load

• Quick automated start and shunt down

• Energy Conservation Day :14 December

• Energy Efficiency Drives, Regenerative

Braking
 Energy Conservation

• Sunny Day (270): use for bath, kitchen

• Solar water heaters: Hostels, hotels, trains,
hospitals, commercial buildings

• Use of small diesel/petrol generators, invertors:

very common in commercial/domestic use
• Pollution, space, cost, waste energy devices
 Energy Conservation

• By planned maintenance, downtime of plants

decreases.

• Plant utilization factor increases

Load Management shift demand
from peak hours

Modified tariff structure

 Deregulation

• Deregulation
• Structure of deregulation
• Distributed generation
• Dispersed generation
• Rural sector
• Environmental aspects of el. energy generation
Deregulation

• For 100 yrs a regulated industry

• In one area only one company or govt. agency

that produced ,transmitted and sold electric
power and services.
• New concept in early 90’s encourage
competition.
• Restructuring, bundling, horizontal, reforms,
privatization
Deregulation

• Make electric industry more palatable for

potential investors

• Open access:
Encourages competition
Avoids monopoly
Consumer assured of good quality power
supply at competitive price (airlines, TV)
Structure of Deregulation

• Gencos
• Transco
• Discos
• IPP (independent power producer)

• Optimal bidding will help Genco to maximize its pay-

offs.

• Consumers have choice from different retail energy

suppliers (mobile network).
Structure of Deregulation

• IPP (independent power producer),

• Power Trading

Earlier Reforms: Chile, England, USA etc

PS Structure in Pakistan
Institutions

NEPRA, NEECA, AEDB, PCRET, PED

provincial power and energy boards

To Promote:
• Efficiency
• Economy
• Competition in bulk electricity gen. and supply
Distributed Generation

• Many small generators

• 1-50 MW output

• Installed at various strategic points throughout the

area

• Power to small number of consumers nearby

• Renewable
Dispersed Generation

• Still smaller
• Up to 500 KW
• Individual homes or businesses
– Micro gas turbines
– Fuel cells
– Small wind
– Photovoltaic
Dispersed Generation
• Margin of economy

Large Small

• Saving in transmission sector; minimal

Dispersed Generation

Characteristics

• Modular
• Portable
• Re-locatable

1. Commercialization of new and emerging

technologies
2. Upgrade existing technologies
3. Patent, IPR for widespread adaptation
Rural Sector Electrification

• Biomass
• Biomass based cogeneration
• Hybrid/integrated energy systems

– Pollution knows no geographical boundary

nightmarish problem
Developing technologies

To promote:

• Development
• Demonstration
• Scaling up
• Commercialization

– of new and emerging technologies for widespread

adaptation