Gasification

 Partial oxidation process, pure oxygen, oxygen enriched air, hydrogen, or steam.
 Produces electricity, fuels (methane, hydrogen, ethanol, synthetic diesel), and chemical products.
 Temperature > 700oC.
 More flexible than incineration, more technologically complex than incineration or pyrolysis, more public acceptance.
Syngas
 Abbreviation of “synthetic gas”.
 The main compounds in syngas are:
Carbon monoxide : CO
Hydrogen: H2
 Other by-products:
Carbon dioxide: CO2
Methane: CH4
Importance of syngas
Biomass
Steam Ethanol wax
and boiler
power Gasifier
Gas Diesel/
turbine kerosene
Power gen

Ic engine Fisher- Gasoline

syngas tropsch

hydrogen Naphtha
Fuel cells
Methanol

Refinery Formalde DME

hydrotreating hyde

Transpotation Methyl Acetic Ethylene

fuel acetate Acid propylene

Fuel cells

Acetic VAM Ketene Acetic

anhydrife ESters
chemicals
PVA
Diketene
fertilizers
Types of Gasification process

 Heat supply
Directly heated (auto-thermal) gasifiers
Indirectly heated (allo-thermal) gasifiers
 Pressure
Atmospheric gasifiers (A)
Pressurized gasifiers (P)
 Gasification agent
Air gasifiers (AG)
Oxygen enriched-air gasifiers (EAG)
Oxygen gasifiers (OG)
Steam gasifiers (SG)
Plasma gasifiers (PG)
Types of Gasification process

 Reactor design
Fixed bed gasifiers:
Up-draft (UD)
Down-draft (DD)
Fluidized bed gasifiers:
Bubbling fluidized bed (BFB)
Circulating fluidized bed (CFB)
Internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB)
Entrained flow gasifiers (EF)
Rotary kiln gasifiers (RK)
Moving grate gasifiers (MG)
Plasma gasifiers (PG)
Types of Gasification process

 Temperature
Low-temperature gasifiers (typically below 900 _C) (LT)
High-temperature gasifiers (typically above 1200 _C) (HT)
 Bottom ash status
Dry bottom ash gasifiers (BA)
Vitrified slag gasifiers (VS)
 Energy recover
Heat gasifiers (dirty syngas is combusted after the recovery boiler when heat/electricity is
produce via steam turbine cycle) (HEG)
Power gasifiers (syngas is to be cooled and then cleaned and then this clean syngas burned in
internal combustion engine or a gas turbine) (PWG)
Chemical reaction involving in the process of
Gasification
 Oxidation reactions
C + ½ O2 CO -111 MJ/kmol Carbon partial oxidation
2 CO + ½ O2 CO2 -283 MJ/kmol Carbon monoxide oxidation
3 C + O2 CO2 394 -MJ/kmol Carbon oxidation
4 H2 + ½ O2 H2O -242 MJ/kmol Hydrogen oxidation
5 CnHm + n/2 O2 nCO + m/2 H2 Exothermic CnHm partial oxidation
 Gasification reactions involving steam
C + H2O CO + H2 +131 MJ/kmol Water–gas reaction
CO + H2O CO2 + H2 -41 MJ/kmol Water–gas shift reaction
CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2 +206 MJ/kmol Steam methane reforming
CnHm + n H2O nCO + (n + m/2) H2 Endothermic Steam
reforming
Chemical reaction involving in the process of
Gasification
 Gasification reactions involving hydrogen
C + 2H2M CH4 -75 MJ/kmol Hydrogasification
CO + 3H2M CH4 + H2O -227 MJ/kmol Methanation
 Gasification reactions involving carbon dioxide
C + CO2 2CO +172 MJ/kmol Boudouard reaction
CnHm + nCO2 2nCO + m/2 H2 Endothermic Dry reforming
 Decomposition reactions of tars and hydrocarbons
pCxHy qCnHm + rH2 Endothermic Dehydrogenation
CnHm nC + m/2 H2 EndothermicCarbonization
Schematic diagram
 schematic representation of the waste to heat gasification based configuration of a heat.

 Waste
 Residue  Flue gas cleaning

 Gasification Agent  Gasification  Combustion  Boiler

Ash or char
~ Heat energy
Schematic diagram
 schematic representation of the waste to heat gasification based configuration of a
power gasifier

Exhasut
waste
gases

Produced Produced
gas gas
 Gas turbing or
 Gasification agent  Gasification  Gas cleaning
engine

Ash or char residue

~
Condensed
tars
Working gasification plant in japan
 Kushiro MSW Gasification & Ash Melting Plant

Waste treatment capacity 240 t/day (120 t/day × 2 units)

Electric generating capacity 4.6 MW

Waste type Municipal Solid Waste

Dioxins at the stack 0.00011 to 0.0055 ng-TEQ/Nm3

Annual operation more than 280 days

Waste treatment capacity 240 t/day (120 t/day × 2 units)

Calorific values of different entities of MSW

  Calorific values of the different entities of average calorific values

MSW  
 

Constituent kJ / kg Btu / lb kJ / kg Btu / lb

         

Plastics 25,586-41,868 11 ,000-18,000 33,959.6 14,600

Food waste 18,608-20,934 8000-9000 19,538.4 8400
Paper products 16,282-18,608 7000-8000 17,677 .6 7600

Wood 18,608-20,934 8000-9000 19,305.8 8300

Leather, rubber 23,260·37,216 10,000-16,000 26,283.8 11,300

Yard waste 15,119-17,445 6500-7500 16,979.8 7300

Textiles 18,608 8000 18,608 8000
 Calculation for heating values of waste of
Peshawer city

  Fruits & Plastics in Paper Wood, Tree Textile Rubber Metals, Total
vegetables in % products Trimmings produc and Clay, and
% in % and card ts in % Leather nonflamm
boards in % in % able
substances
Composition of 31.9 20.4 13.1 12.3 8.7 4.1 9.0 100
each entity of
MSW in%
Moisture in each 20.7 63.2 47.4 59.8 63 59.8 0 ---
entity of MSW in
%
Dry MSW in % 6.6 12.9 6.2 7.3 5.5 2.4 0 40.90
%
Final heating 1290.9 KJ / 4381.9 1096.3 1414.2 KJ / 1016 641.8 0 9841.0
Value of MSW Kg KJ / Kg KJ / Kg Kg KJ / Kg KJ / Kg KJ /
Kg
References

 Q. Yufei, B. Yan, S. Zhongli, and Z. Keming, "Design of Combustion Control System for
MSW Incineration Plant," in Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA),
2008 International Conference on, 2008, pp. 341-344.
  World Bank, "Municipal Solid Waste Incineration," 1999.
 Process and technological aspects of municipal solid waste gasification. A review Umberto
Arena
 Department of Environmental Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via A. Vivaldi, 43,
81100 Caserta, Italy
 Capacity Estimation of Power Generation from MSW of Peshawar City Salman Aatif,
Muhammad Naeem Arbab, Ph.D. Department of Electrical Engineering,
 UET Peshawar, Pakistan
 https://www.mhiec.co.jp/en/products/recycle/city/meltingsystem/contents/gasification.html