INCLUSION IN EDUCATION

Rolando Jr Villamero
Regional Inclusive Education Specialist – Middle East
(Jordan, Palestine, Egypt, & Lebanon)
Humanity & Inclusion (HI)

April 2022
Makahinumdum ba ka ug usa ka
moment sa imung pagtungha when
you felt…included, you felt…you
belonged?

What was this moment? Tell us!

Makahinumdum ba ka ug usa ka
moment sa imung pagtungha when
you felt…included, you felt…you
belonged?

What was this moment? Tell us!

Questions for the session:

• WHAT is inclusive education?

• WHY is inclusive education

important?

• HOW is inclusive education

done?
WHAT…

Inclusive education:
…a transformative process that ensures full
participation and access to quality learning
opportunities for all children, young people, and
adults, respecting and valuing diversity, and
eliminating all forms of discrimination in and
through education.

UNESCO (2019)
WHAT…

Inclusive education:
…recognizes the right to quality education of all
learners, especially the disadvantaged and
marginalized, who may be in unique situations and
have different learning needs due to their personal,
social, cultural, and economic contexts.

Department of Education (2019)

WHAT…

Who is a person with disability?

…has long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments
which in interaction with various barriers may hinder his/her full and
effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.

UN (2008)
WHAT…
Exclusion

UNICEF (2015)
WHAT…
Segregation

UNICEF (2015)
WHAT…
Integration

UNICEF (2015)
WHAT…
Inclusion

Support and
accommodations

UNICEF (2015)
WHAT…
Segregation Integration Inclusion

Where are we now?

WHAT…

Is this scenario a form of

segregation, integration, or a move towards
inclusive education? 
WHAT…

Scenario 1: 
Marites is a 9-year old child enrolled in a mainstream
classroom. She experiences significant difficulty in writing due
to spasticity. As part of the school’s requirement, writing is
mandatory and that all students need to write as much as
possible in order to get passing grades.
WHAT…

Scenario 2: 
Antonio teaches in a mainstream class of 47 students. One of
them uses a wheelchair. Maria provides the student with an
adapted desk that allows him to write and to do tasks in class
more comfortably. Antonio also ensures that the classroom has
enough space for the student to move around. 
WHAT…

Scenario 3: 
A kindergarten school in Negros Oriental admits children with
disabilities to learn with children without disabilities. The
school staff and teachers are not trained however on inclusive
education strategies. Children with disabilities in the school are
physically present but are not provided with the support and
accommodations.
WHAT…

So if we are moving towards inclusive education,

-what will happen to special schools/centers?

Will they be closed down?

-can learners with severe disabilities

benefit from inclusive education?
WHY…

What does
evidence say about
access of children
with disabilities to
education?

UNESCO (2020)
WHY…

Humanity & Inclusion (2020)

WHY… Political/
Legal

Benefits of
Academic Inclusive Social
Education

Economic
WHY…
Political/Legal Case for Inclusive Education
WHY…
Political/Legal Case for Inclusive Education
WHY…
Social Case for Inclusive Education

“Children who learn together…

learn to live together.”
WHY…
Economic Case for Inclusive Education
An OECD report from 1999 estimated the average costs of segregated
placements to be 7 to 9 times higher than the placement for children with
disabilities in general education classrooms.

More recent OECD research found that special education per-capita costs
were around 2.5 times those of regular education. This is mainly accounted
for by salaries, since the teacher-to-pupil ratio is more favourable for students
with disabilities. In inclusive schools this figure fell to two times.

These findings shows that it can be less costly to establish and maintain
schools that educate all children together than to set up a complex system of
different types of schools specializing in different groups of children.
UNICEF (2015)
WHY…
Academic Case for Inclusive Education

GLOBI (2015)
HOW…

How is
inclusive education done?
HOW…

UNESCO IIEP & UNICEF (2020)

HOW…

Humanity & Inclusion (2020)

HOW…
At the classroom/teacher level:

UDL
Differentiated Active Multi-Sensory (Universal
Instruction Learning Teaching Design for
Learning)
HOW…
 Mapping and Identification

Multisectoral Team

Needs Assessment

l u s ive Development of IEP

Inc ning
r
Lea urce
o
Res ters
Cen Implementation and Monitoring of IEP

Mapping and Identification

Access, Retention, and Progression in the Education System
Did we answer the questions for the session?

• WHAT is inclusive education?

• WHY is inclusive education

important?

• HOW is inclusive education

done?
The mainstream school teacher is providing sign language to students in a general
school setting so that the deaf student can follow the class-room teaching and
communicate well. This is inclusive education. –Master Swastik Jana, India
References/Further Reading:

• Custodio, Z. & Nalipay, J. (2021). Foundations of Special and Inclusive Education. Adriana Publishing, Quezon City.

• David, C. & Albert. J.R. (2015. Recent Trends in Out-Of-School Children in the Philippines. Retrieved from: https://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/websitecms/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1551_rev2.pdf(April 2022).

• Department of Education (DepEd, 2009). Memorandum/Policy on Inclusive Education as Strategy for Increasing Participation Rate of Children. Retrieved from:
https://www.deped.gov.ph/2009/07/06/do-72-s-2009-inclusive-education-as-strategy-for-increasing-participation-rate-of-children/(March 2022).

• Department of Education (DepEd, 2020). K-12 Basic Education Curriculum. Retrieved from: https://www.deped.gov.ph/k-to-12/about/k-to-12-basic-education-curriculum/(March 2022).

• Republic of the Philippines (2021). Republic Act 11650: Instituting a Policy of Inclusion and Services for Learners with Disabilities in Support of Inclusive Education Act. Retrieved from:
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2022/03mar/20220311-RA-11650.pdf(April 2022).

• UN (2008). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html(March 2022).

• UN (2014). General Comment on Article 24 (Inclusive Education) of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Retrieved from:
https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRPD/C/GC/4&Lang=en(March 2022).

• UNESCO (2019). Cali Commitment to Equity and Inclusion in Education. Retrieved from: https://www.inclusive-education-in-action.org/resources/cali-commitment-equity-and-inclusion-education(March 2022).

• UNESCO (2020). Inclusion and Education: All Means All. Retrieved from: https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/report/2020/inclusion(March 2022).

• UNICEF (2015). Conceptualizing Inclusive Education. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/northmacedonia/reports/inclusive-education-conceptualizing-inclusive-education-contextualizing-it-within-unicef

(March 2022).

• UNICEF (2015). Access to School and the Learning Environment I: Physical, Information, and Communication. Retrieved from:
https://www.unicef.org/northmacedonia/reports/access-school-and-learning-environment-i-physical-information-and-communication
(March 2022).

• UNICEF (2015). Access to School and the Learning Environment II: Universal Design for Learning (UDL). Retrieved from:
http://www.inclusive-education.org/sites/default/files/uploads/booklets/IE_Webinar_Booklet_11.pdf(March 2022).
Shukran jazilan.
‘Thank you so much’ in Arabic.