THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: TWO-NATION THEORY

• The ideology of Pakistan stems from the instinct of the Muslim

community of South Asia to maintain their individuality by resisting all
attempts by the Hindu society to absorb it. Muslims of South Asia
believe that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but also
two social orders that have given birth to two distinct cultures with no
similarities.
• The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process.
Historical experience provided the base; with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
began the period of Muslim self-awakening; Allama Iqbal provided the
philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political
reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing
Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due
to the realization of Muslims of South Asia that they are different
from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. When
they realized that their future in a 'Democratic India' dominated by
Hindu majority was not safe; they put forward their demand for a
separate state.
• As early as in the beginning of the 11th century, Al-Biruni observed
that Hindus differed from the Muslims in all matters and habits. He
further elaborated his argument by writing that the Hindus
considered Muslims "Mlachha", or impure. And they forbid having
any connection with them, be it intermarriage or any other bond of
relationship. They even avoid sitting, eating and drinking with them,
because they feel "polluted”
• The Ideology of Pakistan has its roots deep in history. The history of South Asia is
largely a history of rivalry and conflict between the Hindus and Muslims of the
region. Both communities have been living together in the same area since the
early 8th century, since the advent of Islam in India. Yet, the two have failed to
develop harmonious relations. In the beginning, one could find the Muslims and
Hindus struggling for supremacy in the battlefield. Starting with the war between
Muhammad bin Qasim and Raja Dahir in 712, armed conflicts between Hindus
and Muslims run in thousands. Clashes between Mahmud of Ghazni and Jaypal,
Muhammad Ghuri and Prithvi Raj, Babur and Rana Sanga and Aurangzeb and
Shivaji are cases in point.
• When the Hindus of South Asia failed to establish Hindu Padshahi through force,
they opted for back door conspiracies. Bhakti Movement, Akbar’s diversion.
IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
• WHAT IS AN IDEOLOGY?
• A political ideology is a system of beliefs that explains and justifies a
preferred political order, either existing or proposed and offers a
strategy (Institution, processes, program) for its attainment.
• An ideology offers an interpretation of the past, explanation of the
present and a vision of the future
• Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It
is deeply ingrained in the social consciousness of the people.
• It is a set of principles, a framework of action and guidance system that
gives order and meaning to life and human action.
HOW IDEOLOGY EMERGES
• When thinking of a nation or a social group is rejected.
• An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that they are being mistreated under an existing order,
when their status is threatened by fundamental changes occurring in the society, and when the
prevailing ideology no longer satisfies them
STEPS OF IDEOLOGY EVOLUTION o
• Consciousness
• Analysis of current situation
• Creating new thinking
• Legitimate – De-legitimate
• Role of Leadership
IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY
• It is a motivating force
• It provides a common plate form.
BASIS OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
• Based on ideals of Islam
• Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical
explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality; and the
Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March
1949, gave it legal sanction.
• It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are
different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. However
when they realized that their future in a ‘Democratic India’ dominated by
Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a separate state.
• Hindu British were exploiting Muslims in India. So Muslims adopted this
ideology to save their identity and culture from total elimination.
TWO NATION THOERY
• Two-nation concept was based on Nationhood which was there long before Pak Ideology.
Muslim Traders – Attackers – Rulers (Qutb Ud Din Abik, Ghaznavi) – Sufis (Al Hajveri,
Sheikh Ahmad Serhandi)
• Based on fact that Muslims were separate nation having their own culture, civilization,
customs, literature, religion and way of life.
• Despite living together for more than one thousand years, they continue to develop
different cultures and traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, all
are poles apart.
• The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or
ethnic rather they were a nation because they belonged to the same faith, Islam. They
demanded that the areas where they were in majority should be constituted into a
sovereign state, wherein they could order their lives in accordance with the teachings of
Holy Quran and Sunnah of Holy Prophet (PBUH).
• The Muslims were put into the backwardness with the help of Hindus. This was one of the
outstanding motivations that paved the way to declare the separate identity of nationalism,
the Muslim nationalism
• Due to British and Hindu exploitation they were forced to safe guard their national and
relational identity.
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan is pioneer of two nation theory. The Ali-Garh movement produced
educated leadership who could protect the Muslims’ rights on the Western political lines.
• Two Nation Theory means that Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have an
opportunity to live according to their faith and creed established on the Islamic principals.
They should have all the resources at their disposal to enhance Islamic culture and civilization.

• There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a community but a nation
with a distinctive history, heritage, culture, civilization, and future aspirations. (All India
Muslim League)
• The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct identity and advance their
interests in India. They wanted to order their lives in accordance with their ideals and
philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.
• Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal system of
government with powers to the provinces for protection and advancement of their heritage,
identity and interests. Later, they demanded a separate state when neither the British nor the
Hindu majority community was willing to offer those guarantees and safeguards
EVOLUTION OF PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY
• British expansion had more deepening impact on Muslims as “The
people who were important in history are no longer important” KK
Aziz
• Urdu Hindi controversy under Congress leadership in 1867 in Banars
• Revivalist movements against Muslims – Bakhti, Deen e Elahi, Shuddi
and Shanghtan movement
• Hindu attitude – Partition of Bangal and its repeal
• Political experience of Muslims under congress ministries in 1937-39
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
PAKISTAN
• 1. Enforcement of sovereignty of Allah Almighty
Quaid said “We do not demand Pakistan to acquire a piece of land, but we wanted a homeland
where we could introduce Islamic principals”
• 2. Establishment of Islamic democracy
Quaid at Sibbi in 1948 “It is my firm belief that our salvation lied in following the golden rules of
conduct as given by our great law giver, the prophet of Islam. Let us lay the foundation our
democratic system on Islamic ideals and practices”
• 3. Revival of Muslim image and Identity
• 4. Protection of Muslim culture and civilization
• a. Urdu Hindi controversy
• b. Shuddi and Sanghtan Movements
• 5. Two Nation Theory
• 6. Establishment of a balanced economic system
a. All highly courts and military positions were reserved for Hindus.
b. Agriculture and Industry was dominated by Hindus
c. Islamic system has the benefit for poor as well as rich – Zakat, Ushar
PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND QUAID E
AZAM
• He changed the course of history. He was a real charismatic leader
possessing a visionary leadership.
• Gave practical shape to the ideology given by Sir Syed and Allama Iqbal
• He started his political career in 1906 by joining the Indian National
Congress. He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913
he also joined the All India Muslim League (AIML). Now he was
member of both the political parties.
• Having disagreement with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule),
complete freedom from the British and on using extra-constitutional
means, Jinnah resigned from the Congress in 1920
His early efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when THE LUCKNOW PACT (1916) was
signed. The Hindus accepted the Muslim demands: Separate Electorate One-third Seats in Central
Legislature protection of minority rights
In the Nehru Report, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated forcefully by presenting
14 Points in 1929.
1935 onwards Quaid started emphasizing on separate identity of Muslim and a separate nation. Started
mobilizing masses.
1937 there are only two parties in India said Nehro on performance of ML in elctions. Quaid said
“Muslims are third party in India”
1939 “Muslim and Hindu are two nations. We are going to live as a nation and play a role as a nation.”
March 9, 1940 Quaid wrote his only article published in British media namely “Time and Tide”. He
discussed 1.How Hindu and Muslims are separate nations? 2. What should be future of India and how
Muslims can be accommodated well?
He emphasized on Islam as well as modern democracy, Social economic justice and rights of minorities.
“Pakistan was to be a modern democratic state that derived its ethical foundation from Islam where the
source of guidance and inspiration for constitution making and governance is going to be Islam”
“It has been taken for granted mistakenly that Muslims are a minority, and of course we got used to it for
such a long time that these settled notions sometimes difficult to remove. The Muslims are not a
minority; the Muslims are a nation by every definition. By all canons of international law we are a nation.”
23rd March 1940
• ““India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a sub continent of nationalities, Hindus and
Muslims belong the two major nations. The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different
religion, philosophies. Social customs and literature. They belong to two different
civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on
life and of life are different. It is quite clear that both derive their inspirations from different
sources of history” 23rd March 1940
• “We are a nation with our distinct culture and civilization, language and literature, art and
architecture, sense of values and proportions, legal laws and moral codes, customs and
calendars, history and traditions. In short we have our distinct outlook on life and of life By
all canons of International law we are a separate nation.” 1942
• The Muslims are nation by every right to establish their homeland” 1942
• “We should base our democracy on the principals and concepts of Islam” Feb 1942
• “Pakistan does not mean freedom and independence only, but the Islamic ideology as well
which has to be preserved.” June 1945
• “I cannot understand a section of people who deliberately want to create a mischief and
make propaganda that the constitution of Pakistan will not be made on the basis of Shariat.
Islamic principals today are as applicable to life as they were 1300 years ago.” Jan 25, 1948
Eid Milad Un Nabbi Karachi Bar Association
PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND ALLAMA
IQBAL
• Men like Allama Iqbal are born but in centuries
• His first public appearance was in 1899 at the annual session of Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam in Lahore when he
presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim.
• At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry contained verses like Tarana-i- Hind.
• He wet Europe for higher education in 1905-08. Lived in England and got Phd from Munich University. He
stayed in Hindenburg where he wrote poem Daraye Nekar key kenare.
• Represented Muslims in second and third round table conferences in 1931 and 1932.
• Gave the famous Allah Abad Address which late on provided base for Lahore resolution.
• “I am fully convinced that Muslims of India will ultimately have to establish a separate homeland as they cannot
live with Hindu in the United India.”
• “Religion and politics are not distinct from each other”
• “India is a continent of Human beings belonging to different religions. To base a constitution on the conception
of homogenous India is to prepare her for civil war. I, therefore, demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim
state in the best interest of the Muslims of India and Islam. The formation of consolidated North west Indian
state appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims” Allaha Abad Address
• “I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan amalgamated
into a single state as a self government within the British empire or
without. This is the final destiny of the Muslims of N.W. India.” Allaha
abad Address
• “I have been a staunch advocate of putting an end to the religious
distinction from the country. But now I believe that the protection of
separate national identity is in the best interest of Muslims and Hindus.
Since the Muslims are a separate nation with their separate cultural
values and religious trends, and they want to have a system of their
own linking, they should be allowed to live under such system” Allaha
Abad Address