Introduction to Logic Gates

• Draw Logic Circuit

• Analysis of Logic Circuit
• Universal gates NAND and NOR
– NAND gate
– NOR gate
• Execution using NAND gate
• Execution using NOR gate
• Positive & Negative Logic
• SOP Expression Execution
• POS Expression Execution
• Integrated Logic Circuit Family

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 Draw Logic Gates

• When Boolean expression is obtained, we

can draw logic gates
• Example:
– F1 = xyz’ (use three input AND gate)

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Draw Logic Gates

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 Logic Circuit Analysis

• When logic circuit is given, we can analyze

the circuit to obtain logical expression
• Example:
– What is the Boolean expression for F4

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 Logic Circuit Analysis

• What is the Boolean expression for F5

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 Universal Gates: NAND & NOR
• Gate AND/OR/NOT is enough to build any
Boolean function
• Even though, other gates is also used because:
– Very useful (no choice)
– Save transistor’s number
– Self sufficient (can build any gate from it)

NAND/NOR: save, self sufficient

XOR: useful (e.g. execute parity bit)

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 NAND Gate

• NAND gate is self sufficient (i.e.can build

any gate from it)
• Can be used for building AND/OR/NOT
gate
• Build NOT gate using NAND gate

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 NAND Gate

• Build AND gate using NAND gates

• Build OR gate using NAND gates

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 NOR Gate

• NOR gate is also self sufficient

• Can be used for building AND/OR/NOT
gate
• Build NOT gate using NOR gate

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 NOR Gate

• Build AND gate using NOR gates

• Build OR gate using NOR gates

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 Build using NAND gate
• It is not impossible to build Boolean
expression using NAND gates
Steps
– Obtain sum-of-product Boolean expression
• E.g: F3 = xy’ +x’z
– Use DeMorgan theorem to get expression using
two level NAND gate
• E.g: F3 = xy’ +x’z
= (xy’+x’z)”
= ((xy’)’.(x’z)’)’

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Build using NAND gate

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 Build using NOR gate
• It is not impossible to build Boolean
expression using NOR gates
Steps
– Obtain product-of-sum Boolean expression
• E.g: F6 = (x+y’).(x’+z)
– Use DeMorgan theorem to get expression using
two level NAND gate
• E.g: F3 = (x+y’).(x’+z)
=((x+y’).(x’+z))’’
= ((x+y’)+(x’+z)’)’

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Build using NOR gate

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 Positive & Negative Logic
• In logic gate, most of the time
– H (High Voltage, 5V) = logic 1
– L (Low Voltage, 0V) = logic 0
• This is called positive logic
• However, if it is inverted, it is negative logic
– H (High Voltage, 5V) = logic 0
– L (Low Voltage, 0V) = logic 1
• Depends, some similar gate need different
Boolean function

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 Positive & Negative Logic

• Signal which is set to logic 1 is said to be

active and true
• Signal which is set to logic 0 is said to be
not active and false
• The name of active high signal is always
written in non-compliment form
• The name of active low signal is always
written in compliment form

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Positive & Negative Logic

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 Construction of SOP Expression

• Sum-of-product expression can be built

using
– Two level logic gate AND-OR
– Two level logic gate AND-NOT
• Logic AND-OR gate

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 Construction of SOP Expression

• NAND-NAND circuit (with transformation

circuit)
– Add two balls
– Change OR with NAND
with inverted input and ball
on it’s compliment input

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 Construction of POS Expression

• Product-of-sum expression can be built

using
– Two level logic gate AND-OR
– Two level logic gate AND-NOT
• Logic AND-OR gate

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 Construction of POS Expression

• NOR-NOR circuit (with transformation

circuit)
– Add two balls
 
  – Change AND with NOR
 
with inverted input and ball
on it’s compliment input
”:

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