Lesson 1: Structure

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Incomplete
Independent
Clauses
RR
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Phrase?
 Phrase is a group of words without Subject and Predicate.

 Examples:

 1. Noun phrase: a beautiful actress, the best staycation, an

abstract painting.

 2. Adjective phrase: a dark room, a sweet banana.

 3. Verb phrase: is cooking, , have been sent, will take the

chance.

 4. Prepositional Phrase: in the afternoon, at the theatre, with my

mother.
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Clause?

 Clause is a group of words that has both subject and predicate. 

 Unlike phrases, a clause can sometimes act as a sentence –

this type of clause is called an independent clause.

 However, some clauses can’t be used on their own – these are

called subordinate clauses, and need to be used with an
independent clause to complete their meaning.
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 An example of a subordinate clause is “When the man broke into

the house” (adverbial clause of time)

 An example of an independent clause is “the dog barked at him”

(past tense)

 While the independent clause could be used by itself as a complete

sentence, the subordinate clause could not.

 For it to be correct, it would need to be paired with another clause: 

 “When the man broke into the house, the dog barked at him.”
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Sentence?

 A complete sentence has a subject and predicate, and can often

be composed of more than one clause. As long as it has a
subject and a predicate, a group of words can form a sentence,
no matter how short.

 E.g. “You ate vegetables”., “ I slept”.

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Simple Sentence, Compound Sentence,
and Complex Sentence?

 A simple sentence consists of one clause.

 Here are some examples of simple sentences:

 Juki drank his morning coffee. (Juki = subject, drank = verb)

 Juki showered and dressed. (Juki = subject, showered

and dressed = compound verbs)
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Compound Sentence?

 A compound sentence consists of two independent clauses

joined by a coordinating conjunction such as “and, but, or.”

 Examples:
 Juki drank his morning coffee, and he showered and dressed.

 Amanda is From Paris, but she lives in Tokyo.

 Sue will call her parents, or she will visit hem soon.
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Complex Sentence?

 A complex sentence consists of an independent clause (called

the main clause) and a dependent clause (subordinate clause).

 Subordinate clauses may be adverb clause, adjective clause, or

noun clause.
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Examples;

 The woman took a medicine because she had a fever.

(independent clause + adverb clause)

 I like the movie which I have just watched.

(independent clause + adjective clause)

 I want to know what her name is.

(independent clause + noun clause)

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Missing Subjects, Verbs, Objects, and
Complement.

1. I _________ pempek yesterday.

2. She _______ very helpful.

3. They bought _______ for the party tonight.

4. She was on her way to office ______ the accident happened.

5. Indah called me, ______ I didn’t answer her phone.

6. He is _________.
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Clause with “There” and “It”

 Some clauses begin with the introductory words “there” or “it”

rather than with the subject of the sentence.

 These introductory words are sometimes called expletives.

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”There”

 The expletive “there” shows that someone or something exists,

usually at a particular time or place.

 Examples:
1. There are many books on the shelf.

2. There were twenty people at the meeting.

3. There will be an eclipse next month.

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“It”

 The expletive “it” is used in a number of different situations and

patterns such as “date and time”, “weather”, “opinion”, and
“situation”.

 Examples:
1. It’s her birthday today.

2. It’s 2 o’clock now.

3. It was raining yesterday.

4. It’s nice to see you.

5. It needs a full of courage to do this mission.

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Exercise 1:

1. ______ a tomato plant from 75 to 85 days to develop into a

mature plant with ripe fruit.

A. It takes

B. To take

C. That takes

D. By taking
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Exercise 1:

1. ______ a tomato plant from 75 to 85 days to develop into a

mature plant with ripe fruit.

A. It takes

B. To take

C. That takes

D. By taking
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2. Crop rotation _______of preserving soil fertility.

A. it is one method

B. one method

C. a method is one

D. is one method.
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2. Crop rotation _______of preserving soil fertility.

A. it is one method

B. one method

C. a method is one

D. is one method.
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3. ________ the dollar as its monetary unit in 1878.

A. Canada adopted

B. Adopted by Canada,

C. It was adopted by Canada

D. The Canadian adoption of

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3. ________ the dollar as its monetary unit in 1878.

A. Canada adopted

B. Adopted by Canada,

C. It was adopted by Canada

D. The Canadian adoption of

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4. _______ almost impossible to capture the beauty of the aurora

borealis in photographs.

A. Being

B. It is

C. There is

D. Is
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4. _______ almost impossible to capture the beauty of the aurora

borealis in photographs.

A. Being

B. It is

C. There is

D. Is
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5. Usually, political cartoons _____ on the editorial page of a

newspaper.

A. appear

B. whose appearance

C. by appearing

D. when they appear

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5. Usually, political cartoons _____ on the editorial page of a

newspaper.

A. appear

B. whose appearance

C. by appearing

D. when they appear

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 Do the exercise from the e-learning site.

 Good luck!