PARTS OF SPEECH

PARTS OF SPEECH
Words can be considered as the smallest elements
that have distinctive meanings. Based on their use
and functions, words are categorized into several
types or parts of speech.
NOUNS
NOUNS
NOUNS
NOUNS
NOUNS
NOUNS
NOUNS
NOUNS

deer
e
NOUNS
 PRONOUNS
Pronouns are
words which
replace a
noun. • I Me
Pronouns • She We
should only be • They Somebody
used if the • Who That
• Yours His
name of the
• Which One
person, place • Nobody This
or thing has
been
previously
mentioned.
PRONOUNS
 ARTICLES
• The indefinite article is used when
referring to an unspecified thing or
quantity. It is also used when we don’t
Indefinit know (or don’t care) which thing we’re
e Article talking about.
• A boy A gorilla
• A house An animal
• The definite article refers to a noun,
either in the singular or plural. It can be
used with uncountable
Definite nouns. The refers to a specific thing or
quantity.
Article • The university The Apple
• The red hammer
 ADJECTIVES
It is the
word that
describes • the tall professor
or • the lugubrious lieutenant
modifies • a solid commitment
the noun • a month's pay
(person, • a six-year-old child
• the unhappiest, richest man
place,
thing or
animal)
 ADJECTIVES
Adjectives coming
before nouns
• Everyone knows a giraffe has a long neck.
• My old car didn’t have air conditioning.
are attributive • Today, we have blue sky.
adjectives

Adjectives coming
• That statue of a goddess was quite large.
after nouns • One of my tables is round.
are predicative • The sky looks very black.
adjectives

An adjective can • The pretty girl is angry with her boyfriend.

take up any • The warm air is thick with dust.
position in a • His big house must be expensive to maintain.
sentence
ADJECTIVES
SUPERLATIVE FORM OF
ADJECTIVES
A superlative
adjective
means that a • Bills Gate is the richest person in world.
• Brunel is the most beautiful hotel in
object is England.
surpassing • Mount Everest is the highest mountain
all others in world.
• She is the tallest girl in class.
(things in • Our generation is the most modern.
comparison) • His house is the biggest in the street.
in quality or • The winter is the coldest time of year.
characteristic
.
COMPARATIVE FORM OF
ADJECTIVES
Comparative
adjectives
are used to • She is taller than Mary.
express • A cup is smaller than a glass.
characteristic • He is junior to me.
of one thing • Chinese is more
in difficult than English.
comparison • Paris is more beautiful than New
York.
to other
things (many
things).
 EQUALITY FORM OF
ADJECTIVES

Equality • Your house is as large as mine.

adjectives • She is as intelligent as John.
have equal • You job is as interesting as mine.
characteristic • The book is as good as the movie.
s. • You -all are as tired as me
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
 ADVERBS

Adverbs are words

that modify • He drove slowly. — How did he drive?
a verb 

Adverbs are words

that modify • He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?
an adjective

Adverbs are words

that modify • She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How
slowly did she move?
another adverb
KIND OF ADVERBS
• afterwards, already, always,
Adverb of time
immediately, last month,
An adverb of
time tells us when
now, soon, then, and
something is yesterday.
done or happens.
We use it at the • EX:
beginning or at • He collapsed and died
the end of a
sentence. We use yesterday.
it as a form of • His factory was burned down a
emphasis when few months ago.
we place it at the • Last week, we were stuck in
beginning.
the lift for an hour.
KIND OF ADVERBS
Adverb of
place
• above, below, here, outside, over
An adverb of
there, there, under, upstairs.
place tells us
where • EX
something is • We can stop here for lunch.
done or • The schoolboy was knocked over by a
happens. We school bus.
use it after the • They rushed for their lives when fire
verb, object or broke out in the floor below.
at the end of a
sentence.
KIND OF ADVERBS

Adverb of
• badly, happily, sadly, slowly,
manner quickly, and others that include well,
hard, fast, etc.
An adverb
of manner • EX
tells us • The brothers were badly injured in the
fight.
how • They had to act fast to save the others
something floating in the water.
• At the advanced age of 88, she still
is done or sang very well.
happens.
KIND OF ADVERBS
• almost, much, nearly, quite, really,
Adverb of so, too, very, etc.
degree
• EX
An adverb • It was too dark for us to find our way
of degree out of the cave. (Before adjective)
tells us the • The referee had to stop the match
when it began to rain very heavily.
level or (Before adverb)
extent that • Her daughter is quite fat for her age.
something is • The accident victim nearly died from
done or his injuries.
• After all these years, she is still feeling
happens. very sad about her father’s death.
KIND OF ADVERBS
Adverb of • again, almost, always, ever, frequently,
generally, hardly ever, nearly, nearly always,
frequency never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom,
sometimes, twice, usually, and weekly.

An adverb • EX
of •
•
They were almost fifty when they got married.
He hardly ever say something nice to his wife.
frequency •
•
While overseas, he frequently phoned home.
She is not nearly always right although she thinks
tells us how she is always right.
• He complained that she never smiled back.
often • We only write to each other very ccasionally.
something •
•
Peter seldom reads the Bible.
Sometimes he stays late in the office to complete
is done or •
his work.
Our cat was bitten twice by the same dog.
happens. • The man usually proposes marriage.
 PREPOSITION

It is used to link
nouns and • The cat is under the table.
pronouns to the
object.

It shows the
realtionship of a
• The clue is hidden in the book between
noun or pages.
pronoun to
another word.
SOME PREPOSITIONS
About Beneath Next to
Above Beside Of
Across Between Off
After Beyond On
Against By Out
Along Down Over
Among From Through
Around In To
At In front of Under
Before Into Up
Behind Like Upon
Below Near With
KIND OF PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions • They indicate the location or position. Ex: On,

of Location in, under, in front of, among, between.

Prepositions • They are used to show direction of movement

to and from a fixed point. Ex: to, from, into,
of Direction along, over, through, across, around.

Prepositions • They are used to show when things happen.

of Time Ex: by, for, before, after, since, at and during.
SOME EXAMPLES

- The boy is leaning against the wall.

- I am walking to school.
- Richard came into the room.
- You got home at 11 p.m.
- We get up before 6 a.m.
- I study during the week.
- They practice sports in the mornings
 CONJUNCTION

It joins
• Would you like macaroni
words and cheese or a peanut
or butter and jelly
phrases sándwich?
• I enjoy rock, hip-hop,
in a and jazz but noy classical
sentenc music.
e.
KIND OF CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinatin • They join parts of a sentencethat are similar gamatically.

g They always come between the words or clauses they join.
Ex: and, but or, nor, for, yet, so.
conjunctions

Correlative • They come in pairs, and you have to use both of them in different places in a
Conjunction sentence to make them work. Ex: whether…or; both…and; neither…nor;
either…or; not only…but also.

s
SOME EXAMPLES

- I like tea and coffee.
- Ram likes tea, but Anthony likes coffee.
- She is both intelligent and beautiful.
- I will either go for a hike or stay home
and watch TV.
- Jerry is neither rich nor famous.
- He is not only intelligent, but also very
funny.
 VERB

Verbs can describe

physical actions like
movement, less concrete
actions like thinking and
feeling, and that utterly
awesome state of being, as
explained by the verb to be
 VERB

A physical • to swim, to write, to climb

action

A mental • to think, to guess, to consider

action

A state of • to be, to exist, to appear

being
 VERB
• Regular verbs are that follow a pattern when
they’re changed to a different person or
Regular tense.
• Talk – talks – talking – talked – talked
verbs • Call – calls – calling – called – called
• Add – adds – adding – added – added
• Work – works – working – worked – worked

• Irregular verbs are different in person and tenses.

Some of them do not change at all, some others
have two changes and some others even three
Irregula changes.
• Wake – wakes – waking – woke – woken

r Verbs • Sing – sings – singing – sang – sung

• Shrink – shrinks – shrinking – shrank – shrunk
• Steal – steals – stealing – stole – stolen
• Run – runs – running – ran – run