DET40073: POWER ELECTRONICS

TOPIC 5 :

AC TO AC CONVERTER

(AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS)

 Introduction

Function : Converts fixed alternating

voltage directly to variable alternating
voltage without any change in frequency.
 Application of AC Converter
The important applications of the AC
voltage controller are :
 Domestic heating
 Static VAR compensators
 Speed control of single-phase and three-
phase induction motor
 On-load transformer tap changing
 Blower, pumps, lights etc need variable
AC supply.
 AC Voltage Controllers
AC voltage controller are thyristor based
devices.
Generally, Triac and SCRs which are
connected in anti parallel, forms AC
voltage controllers.
Triac is used for the low and medium
power applications and SCRs are used for
the high power application.
 AC Voltage Controllers
Since the supply voltage is AC, the SCRs
and triac are line commutated (natural)
and hence, no complex devices are
required.

Figure 1 (a) : Using 2 SCRs Figure 1 (b) : Triac based AC

connected in antiparallel voltage controller
 Types of power control

For power transfer, two types of controls

are normally used :

1) On-off control (Integral cycle)

2) Phase angle control.

 Principle of
ON-OFF Control or Integral
Control Operation
 On-Off Control or Integral
control
On-off controls are normally used for
applications that have high mechanical inertia
and large time constant, such as temperature
control systems, industrial heating and speed
control of motors.
In on-off control, the AC voltage output can be
controlled by connecting the load to the AC
source for a few cycles and disconnect it for
another few cycles.
 Principle of
ON-OFF Control

Figure 2 : Single-phase Full wave AC Controller

 TheSCR T1 conducts in the positive half cycle of the

supply and T2 conducts in the negative half cycle.

 The SCRs are triggered at α = 0; i,.e. zero triggering

delay for few cycles. The mains supply is connected
fully to the load during these cycles.
 Operation Details
Observe that T1 is triggered in positive
half cycles with α = 0 (i.e. at zero
crossings).

Similarly T2 is triggered in negative half

cycles with α = 0 (i.e. at zero crossings).

Hence full cycle of the mains supply is

applied across the load.
 Operation Details
During the ‘OFF’ period, the gate drives
of the SCRs are totally removed. Hence
there is no voltage across the load.

Thus the SCRs conduct for ‘n’ cycles and

they are ‘OFF’ for ‘m’ cycles.

Figure 3 shows the waveforms of this AC

Controller for resistive load.
 Output Waveforms

Figure 3 :
Output
waveform for
On-off control
mode
Expression for Output Voltage
The supply voltage is, vs = Vm sin wt

This voltage is applied to the load for ‘n’ cycles

out of total (n + m) cycles. Each cycle has the
period of 2π.

Vm n
Vo ( rms )  .
2 mn
OR

Vo ( rms )  Vs ( rms ). k
 1
2
 n 1  2
Vo (rms ) sin t dt 
Expression for Output
V
2 2
 . m
 n  m 2 0 
1
2
 n Vm 2  2

0 sin t dt 

2
 .
 n  m 2
1
Voltage

2 2
 n Vm 1  cos 2t  2
 .
 n  m 2
0 2
dt 

1
 n Vm 2  2 1 1
2
 2
 .   dt   cos 2td t 
 2 
 n  m 2 0 2 0 
1
 n Vm 2  2
 . 
 n  m 2 
Vm n
Vo (rms )  .
2 mn
Expression for Output Voltage
n
Normally  k is called the duty cycle
nm
of the on-off controls and Vs(rms) is the rms
phase voltage of the supply voltage. Hence the
equation becomes,
Vm Vm
Vo ( rms )  . k as  Vs ( rms )
2 2
Hence the above equation becomes,

Vo ( rms )  Vs ( rms ). k
Expression for Output Current

The output current can be expressed as,

VO ( rms )
Io ( rms ) 
R
The output power can be expressed as,

2
Po  Io ( rms ). R
 Example

In an ON-OFF control circuit using 1Ø,

230 V, 50 Hz, supply the ON time is 10
cycles and OFF time is 4 cycles. Calculate
the RMS value of the output voltage.
 Answer
The given data is,
Vs(rms) = 230 V
ON cycles, n = 10
OFF cycles, m = 4

n 10 10
Duty cycle, k =  
n  m 10  4 14
So, the rms value of output voltage :
Vo ( rms )  Vs ( rms ). k
10
 230.  194.38V
14
 Exercise
An AC voltage controller has a resistive
load of R = 10 Ω, and rms input voltage is
Vs = 120 V, 60 Hz. The thyristor switch is
on for n = 25 cycles and off for m = 75
cycles. Determine :
i. rms output voltage
ii. rms output current

Ans : Vo(rms) = 60 V , io(rms) = 6 A

 Principle of
Phase Control
Operation
 Phase Angle Control
Phase angle control is normally used for
loads with a short time constant. It
produces an AC output that is suitable for
applications such as motor speed control
and lighting control.
In phase control, the voltage applied to
the load can be controlled by varying the
firing angle of triac or two SCRs
connected in antiparallel between source
and the load.
 Phase Angle Control
The principle operation of phase control is
applied for the following AC Voltage
Controller :

i. Single-phase Unidirectional Controllers with :

a. Resistive load
b. Resistive and Inductive load

ii. Single-phase Bidirectional Controllers with :

a. Resistive load
b. Resistive and Inductive load
 Single Phase Unidirectional
Controllers with resistive load

Circuit diagram of single phase half wave

controller with resistive load
 Principle of Unidirectional
controller with resistive load
It has one SCR T1 and antiparallel diode
D1 .
In the only positive half cycle of the
supply controlled.
And in the negative half cycle is not
controlled since diode D1 conducts fully.
The waveforms of this circuit are shown
in Figure 5 for resistive load.
 Operation Details of
Unidirectional controller with
resistive load
The thyristor T1 is forward biased the
positive half cycle of input ac supply.
It can be triggered and made to conduct by
applying a suitable gate trigger pulse only
during the positive half cycle of input
supply.
 Mode – I : (α < ωt < π)

T1 as an ideal thyristor switch it can be

considered as a closed switch when it is
ON during the period ωt=α to π radians.
When the input supply voltage
decrease to zero at ωt=π, for a
resistive load the load current also
falls to zero at ωt=π and hence the
thyristor T1 turn off at ωt=π.
Mode – II : (π < ωt < 2π)

When the supply voltage reverses and

becomes negatives the diode D1 becomes
forward biased and hence turns ON and
conducts.
The load current flows in the opposite
direction during ωt=π to 2π radians when
D1 is ON and the output voltage follows
the negative half cycle of input supply.
Output Waveforms

Figure 5 : Output waveform for Single phase half wave controller

(unidirectional controller)
 Expression for Output Voltage
 

1

 1   2

2

 
2 2 2 2
Vo ( rms )   2 Vs sin  td ( t )  2Vs sin  td ( t ) 
 2 
  
 1

 2Vs
2 
 2

2
   (1  cos 2t )d (t )   (1  cos 2t )d (t ) 
 4 
  


1  sin 2 
Vo ( rms )  Vs.  2    
2  2 
 Expression for Output Current

The output current can be expressed as,

VO ( rms )
Io ( rms ) 
R
Output power can be expressed as,
2
Vo ( rms )
Po   IO ( rms )  R  Vo ( rms )  Io ( rms )
2

R
 Example
A single phase half-wave ac voltage
controller has a load resistance R=5Ω,
input ac supply voltage is 120V(rms) at
50Hz. If the thyristor T1 is triggered at


3
Calculate:

i. RMS Output Voltage

ii. RMS Load current
iii. Output Load Power
 Answer
The rms value of Output Voltage is;

1  sin 2 
Vo ( rms )  Vs  2    
2  2 

   
 sin 2  
1    3 
Vo ( rms )  120  2   
2  3 2 
 

Vo ( rms )  109.74V
The rms value of Load Current is;
Vo ( rms ) 109.74
Io ( rms )    21.948 A
RL 5

The value of Output Load Power is;

2
Po  Io ( rms )  RL
 21.948  5
2

 2.409kW
 Single Phase Unidirectional
Controllers with resistive and
inductive load

Circuit diagram of single phase half wave

controller with inductive load
 Principle of Unidirectional
controller with resistive and
inductive load
In this circuit, the gating pulse signals are
generated when the supply voltage crosses zero
during the positive half-cycle of the input
voltage.
The firing angle α is applied to the gate terminal
of SCR which is forward biased during the
positive half-cycle and it conducts.
At ωt = π, SCR will be reverse biased and
commutated.
 Principle of Unidirectional
controller with resistive and
inductive load
Diode D will be forward biased during negative
half cycle of input voltage and starts to conduct.
When input voltage reached zero at ωt= 2π, the
diode will continue to conduct due to inductor
current discharging.
Diode is fully discharge at ωt= π+β and turn off.
The process repeats in the next cycle.
Output Waveforms

Figure 5 : Waveform for Single phase half wave (unidirectional)

controller with inductive load ( Vs, Vtrigger & Vo )
Output Waveforms

Figure 5 : Waveform for Single phase half wave (unidirectional)

controller with inductive load ( Iout & Vscr )
Single Phase Bidirectional Controllers
with resistive load

Figure 6 shows the circuit diagram of Single Phase

Full Wave (Bidirectional) AC controller with resistive
load.
 Principle of Single Phase Bidirectional
Controllers with resistive load

It has two SCRs, T1 and T2.

In the positive half cycle of the supply T 1
controls the power flow to the load.
And in the negative half cycle of the
supply T2 controls the power flow to the
load.
The waveforms of this circuit are shown
in Figure 7 for resistive load.
 Operation Details

During this +ve half cycle of supply

voltage, the power gets delivered to load
from source during the period α to π.

At π, both Vo and io falls to zero. At this

instant, T1 is subjected to reversed bias and
therefore it gets turned off naturally.
 Operation Details
Mode – 1 : (0 < ωt < π)
During the +ve half cycle of the supply voltage,
T1 is in the forward biased condition whereas T2 is
in the reversed biased condition.

Whenever gate signal has been given to T1 at ωt

= α, it starts conducting and load current follows
the path as shown in Figure 6.
 Operation Details
Mode – II : (π < ωt < 2π)

During the -ve half cycle of the supply voltage, T2

is in the forward biased condition and T1 is in the
reverse biased condition.

Now, whenever gate signal has been given to T2,

at ωt = π + α immediately it gets turned on and
hence conducts from (π + α) to 2π. T2 is subjected
to a reverse bias at ωt = 2π and it is therefore line
commutated at this instant.
 Output Waveforms
Figure 7 : Waveform of 1Ø full wave AC
controller for resistive load (Phase control mode)
 Output Waveforms

Figure 7 : Waveform of 1Ø full wave AC controller for resistive load

(Phase control mode)
Expression for Output Voltage
The supply voltage is given as , vs = Vm sin wt

From the output voltage waveform of figure 5,

we can write the equation as,
1
 2   2


2 2
Vo ( rms )   2Vs sin td (t )
 2  
1
 4VS 2   2

 4 
 (1  cos 2t )d (t )


1 sin 2 
Vo ( rms )  Vs      
 2 
 Expression for Output Voltage

Based on the equation,

Vm
 when α=0 ;
Vo ( rms )   Vs ( rms )
2
Vo ( rms )  0
 when α=π ;

Thus the output can be controlled from zero to

Vs(rms) by varying firing angle from π to zero.
Since the output current and voltage as well as
supply current waveforms are symmetric, their
dc/average values are zero.
Expression for Output Current
The output current can be expressed as,
VO ( rms )
Io ( rms ) 
R

The output power can be expressed as,

2 VO 2
( rms )
Po ( rms )  Io ( rms ) .R 
R
 Example

A 1Ø ac voltage controller has resistive

load of R = 10 Ω and the input voltage Vs
= 230 V, 50 Hz. If the firing angle is 45°,
calculate the rms value of the output
voltage and the power absorbed by the
load.
 Answer

By converting α = 45° into radian (4 ) , the rms
value of output voltage is;

1 sin 2 
Vo ( rms )  Vs.      
 2 
  
 sin 2  
1      4
 230        
   4  2 
 
 199.76V
The rms value of Load Current is;
Vo ( rms ) 199.76
Io ( rms )    19.97 A
RL 10

The value of Output Load Power is;

Po  Io ( rms ) 2  RL
 19.97 2  10  3.99kW
 Single Phase Bidirectional
Controllers with resistive and
inductive load

Figure 8 shows the circuit diagram of Single Phase Full

Wave (Bidirectional) Ac Voltage Controller with RL
Load
Principle of Bidirectional Controllers
with resistive and inductive load

It has two SCRs, T1 and T2.

Two thyristors a single Triac can be used
to implement a full wave ac controller
The waveforms of this circuit are shown
in Figure 9 with RL load.
 Operation Details

The thyristor T1 is forward biased during

the positive half cycle of input supply.
Assume that T1 is triggered at ωt=α, by
applying a suitable gate trigger pulse to T 1
during the positive half cycle of input
supply.
The output current starts increasing from
zero.
 Operation Details
Mode – 1 : (α < ωt < β)
During the +ve half cycle of the supply voltage,
T1 is in the forward biased condition whereas T2 is
in the reversed biased condition.
The SCR T1 is triggered in positive half cycle
with delay angle of ‘α’. The output current starts
increasing from zero as shown in Figure 9.
At π, the supply voltage is zero, but output
current is not zero.
The load inductance tries to maintain the current
in the same direction.
The SCR T1 conducts from π to β due to energy
stored in the load inductance.
At β the output current becomes zero.
Hence T1 turns off by natural commutation.
 Operation Details
Mode – II : (π+α < ωt < 2π)

During the -ve half cycle of the supply voltage, T2

is in the forward biased condition and T1 is in the
reverse biased condition.
 T2 is triggered at π+α.

Now, the output current starts increasing in

negative direction from zero and negative supply
appears across the load.
Thus negative cycle of Vo and Io starts.
The supply current is same as output
current.
These currents are nonsinusoidal due to
inductive load.
Output Waveforms

Figure 9 : Output
waveform for
Single phase full
wave ac voltage
controller with RL
Load
 Expression for Output Voltage
The supply voltage is given as , vs = Vm sin wt.
From the output voltage waveform of Figure 9,
we can write the equation as,
1
 2   2

2 2
Vo ( rms )   2Vs sin td (t )
 2 
1
 4Vs 2   2
Vo ( rms )  
 4
 1  cos 2t d (t )

1  sin 2 sin 2 
Vo ( rms )  Vs.         
  2 2 
AC TO AC CONVERTER
(CYCLOCONVERTERS)
 Cycloconverters
A cycloconverter is a frequency changer that
converts AC power at one frequency to an
output power at a different frequency. It can
provide a fixed frequency output from a variable
frequency power source or a variable frequency
output from a fixed frequency power source.

Cycloconverter is a one-stage frequency

changer. It is normally operated at the range of
frequency less than one-third of the source
frequency.
 Cycloconverters

Applications of cycloconverters include :

• speed control of high-power AC drives,
• static VAR generation,
• induction heating and
• for converting variable speed alternator voltage to
constant frequency output voltage for use as power
supply in aircrafts or shipboards.
 Cycloconverters
Depending upon phases, there are three
types of cycloconverters. They are :

i. 1Ø - 1Ø cycloconverter
ii. 3Ø - 1Ø cycloconverter
iii. 3Ø - 3Ø cycloconverter
 Cycloconverters
Cycloconverters are of two types :
i. Step-up cycloconverter
ii. Step-down cycloconverter
 In step-up cycloconverter, the output
frequency (fo) is greater than supply
frequency (fs). i.e., fo > fs.
 In step-down cycloconverter, the output
frequency (fo) is less than supply
frequency (fs). i.e., fo < fs.
 Cycloconverters
 Thebasic principle of operation of step-up
and step-down cycloconverters with 1Ø -
1Ø connection is being studied as follows.
 According to the type of connections
there are mainly two types. They are :
i. Mid point type cycloconverter
ii. Bridge type cycloconverter
 1Ø - 1Ø Step up
Cycloconverter

Midpoint Type
Cycloconverter with R load
1Ø - 1Ø Step –up Cycloconverter (Mid-
point Type)

Figure 1 : Mid-point Type cycloconverter

 1Ø - 1Ø Step –up Cycloconverter (Mid-
point Type)
 Itconsists of 1Ø transformer with polarities as
shown in the Figure 1.
 A tapping is being taken exactly at the midpoint of
the secondary winding of the transformer, so it
called as midpoint type.
 In this type, four SCRs are being employed where
P1, P2 constitute +ve group and N1, N2 constitute
negative group.
 Load is connected between the secondary winding
midpoint.
 Operation Details
 The operation is explained in two different modes:
 Mode 1 (0 < ωt < π) : During the +ve half wave
of the supply voltage, ‘m’ is positive with respect
to ‘n’. P1, N2 are forward biased from ωt = 0 to π.
 Even though the two SCRs are forward biased,
give the gate signal to the P1. The load voltage
now follows the +ve envelope of the supply
voltage. The circuit completes its path through Em+
, P1, load and Eo-.
 At the instant ωt1 , P1 is turned off due to force
commutation. Give the gate signal to the SCR ‘N2’
which already in forward biased condition during
+ve half cycle.
 When ‘N2’ is turned ON, the load output voltage
traces the –ve half cycle. The load current path is
given as Eo+, load, N2 and En-.
 At ωt2 , N2 is forced commutated and P1 is turned
ON. The load is now +ve and follows the +ve
envelope.
 This process will continue for the +ve half cycle
till ωt = π rad.
 Mode 1I (π < ωt < 2π) : Here, ‘n’ is +ve with
respect to ‘m’. The remaining two SCRs P2 , N1 are
forward biased from ωt = π to 2π .
 At ωt = π , give the gate signal to P2 which is
already forward biased in the negative half cycle.
Now the load output voltage traces positive
envelope of the supply voltage.

 At ωt = ωt4 , P2 is forced commutated and N1 is

turned ON which is already forward biased. Now,
the load output voltage will traverse the negative
envelope of the supply voltage.
 In this manner, thyristor P1 and N2 are triggered in
the first half cycle and P2 and N1 in the second half
cycle. As a result, the output frequency is higher
than the supply frequency.

 From the Figure 2, fo = 4 fs

Output Waveforms

Figure 2 :
Step-up
cycloconverter
with R load fo =
4fs
 1Ø - 1Ø Step up
Cycloconverter

Bridge Type
Cycloconverter with R load
1Ø - 1Ø Step –up Cycloconverter
(Bridge Type)

Figure 3 : Bridge Type cycloconverter

 1Ø - 1Ø Step –up Cycloconverter
(Bridge Type)

 The circuit diagram is shown in Figure 3.

 Here, the SCRs are arranged in a bridge type and
hence, it is known as bridge type cycloconverter
consisting of 8 SCRs.
 P1, P2, P3, P4 SCRs constitute +ve group where as
N1, N2, N3, N4 SCRs constitute –ve group. Load is
connected between the two bridges which are
connected in antiparallel.
 Operation Details
 The operation is explained in two different modes:
 Mode 1 (0 < ωt < π) : During the +ve half cycle
of the supply voltage, P1, P2, N3, N4 are in forward
biased condition from ωt = 0 to π.
 Even though the four SCRs are forward biased,
only P1 and P2 SCRs are triggered initially.
 The load voltage now follows the +ve envelope of
the supply voltage. The circuit completes its path
through Ph, P1, P , load, S , P2 and N.
 At the instant ωt1 , P1 and P2 is turned off due to
force commutation. Now, give the gate signal to
the SCRs N3 and N4 which already in forward
biased condition during +ve half cycle.
 The load output voltage traces the –ve envelope of
the supply voltage. The directions are marked as
Ph, N3 , S, load , P , N4 and N.
 At ωt2 , N3 and N4 are forced commutated and P1
P2 are turned ON. The load is now +ve and follows
the +ve envelope.
 This process will continue for the +ve half cycle of
source voltage till ωt = π rad.
 Mode 1I (π < ωt < 2π) : During the –ve half cycle
of the source voltage, SCRs P3, P4, N1, N2 are, are
forward biased.
 Give the gate signal to P3 and P4 SCRs where the
load voltage follows the +ve envelope of the
supply voltage. The circuit completes its path as
follows N , P3 , P , load , S , P4 , Ph.

 At ωt = ωt4 , P3 and P4 are forced commutated.

Give the gate signal to SCRs N1 and N2 which are
already in forward biased condition. Now, the
output voltage traces the -ve envelope of the
supply voltage. The circuit completes its path as N
, N1 , S , load , P , N2 , Ph
 At ωt = ωt5 , N1 and N2 are forced commutated. It
associated waveforms are as shown in Figure 4.
Output Waveforms

Figure 4 :
Step-up
cycloconverter
with R load fo =
4fs
 1Ø - 1Ø Step down
Cycloconverter

Midpoint Type
Cycloconverter with R load
 1Ø - 1Ø Step–down Cycloconverter
(Mid-point Type)

Figure 5 : Mid-point
Type cycloconverter

 Its circuit diagram is shown in Figure 5.

 Step-down cycloconverter does not require forced
commutation. It undergoes natural or line
commutation which is provided by the AC supply.
 Operation Details
 The operation is explained in two different modes:
 Mode 1 (0 < ωt < 3π) : When ‘m’ is +ve with
respect to ‘n’, during the +ve half cycle of the
supply voltage SCR ‘P1’, load currents starts
building up in the +ve direction from m to o. The
path direction is as follows : m, P1, s , load, o.

 At ωt = π, source voltage becomes zero and hence,

load voltage becomes zero. Since, load current is
the ratio of load voltage to the resistance, it
becomes zero.
 During the –ve half cycle of the supply voltage,
terminal ‘n’ is +ve with respect to ‘m’. Now, SCR
P2 are in the forward biased condition.
 When SCR P2 has been triggered at ωt = π+α,
load current starts building up in the +ve direction
from n to o. The path direction is as follows :
n , P2 , s , load , o.

 At ωt = 2π , source voltage become zero and

hence load voltage and load current becomes zero.
So, SCR P2 is said to be naturally commutated as
load current passes through zero.
 In the +ve half cycle of the supply voltage, when
‘m’ is +ve with respect to ‘n’. SCR P1 is in the
forward biased condition. Now, trigger SCR P1 at
ωt = 2π+ α The load current starts building
up in the +ve direction whose path is as given : m ,
load , s , P1 , o.

 At ωt = 3π , as source voltage becomes zero, load

current becomes zero which results in the natural
commutation of SCR P1.

 Mode 1I (3π < ωt < 6π) : Now, in the next –ve

half cycle of the supply voltage where ‘n’ is +ve
with reference to m, give the trigger pulse to SCR
N1 at ωt = 3π+ α.
 The load current traces the –ve envelope of the
source voltage whose path is as o , load , s , N1 , m.
At ωt = 4π, SCR N1 gets turned off naturally.

 During the next half cycle, SCRs N2 are triggered at

ωt = 4π+α. Load current starts building up in the -
ve direction from o to n. The path direction is as
follows : o , N2 , s , load , n.

 At ωt = 5π , source voltage become zero, N2 turned

off and hence, load voltage become zero.
Output Waveforms

Figure 6 :
Step-down
cycloconverter
–mid point type
for R load
where α is the
firing angle.
 1Ø - 1Ø Step down
Cycloconverter

Bridge Type
Cycloconverter with R load
 1Ø - 1Ø Step–down Cycloconverter
(Bridge Type)

 Its circuit diagram is shown in Figure 7.

 The operation of bridge type cycloconverter can be
explained in discontinuous load current.
 Operation Details
 During the +ve half cycle of the supply voltage,
SCR P1, P2, N3, N4 are in forward biased condition
from ωt = 0 to π.
 When forward biased SCRs P1, P2 are turned on
together at ωt = α, the load voltage is +ve with
terminal ‘P’ +ve and terminal ‘S’ –ve.

 Load voltage (E0) now traverses the +ve envelope

of the supply voltage and load current direction
may be given as Ph , P1 , P , load , S , P2 and N.
 At ωt = π , source voltage become zero and hence,
load voltage become zero. Since, load current is
the ratio of load voltage to the resistance, it
becomes zero.
 Now at ωt = π + α, SCRs P3 and P4 are triggered.
Load current direction may be given as N, P3, P,
load, S, P4 and Ph. Here, load voltage follows the
positive envelope of the supply voltage.
 At ωt = 2π , source voltage become zero and
hence, load voltage become zero. Since, load
current is the ratio of load voltage to the resistance,
it becomes zero.
 Now at ωt = 2π + α, SCRs P1 and P2 are triggered.
Load current direction may be given as Ph , P1 , P ,
load , S , P2 and N. Here, load voltage follows the
positive envelope of the supply voltage.
 At ωt = 3π , source voltage become zero and
hence, load voltage become zero. Since, load
current is the ratio of load voltage to the resistance,
it becomes zero.
 Now at ωt = 3π + α, SCRs P3 and P4 are triggered.
Load current direction may be given as N, P3, P,
load, S, P4 and Ph. Here, load voltage follows the
positive envelope of the supply voltage.
 At ωt = 4π , source voltage become zero and
hence, load voltage become zero. Since, load
current is the ratio of load voltage to the resistance,
it becomes zero.

 During the next half cycle, SCRs N1 and N2 are

triggered instead of giving trigger pulses to P1 and
P2. With this, the load voltage is negative with
terminal ‘S’ is negative with respect to P. Load
current direction may be given as Ph ,N1 ,S ,load ,P
, N2 and N.

 At ωt = 5π , source voltage become zero, N1 and

N2 turned off and hence, load voltage become
zero.
 During the next half cycle of the supply voltage,
SCRs N3 and N4 are triggered where load current
direction may be given as N ,N3 ,S ,load ,P , N4 and
Ph.

 At ωt = 6π , source voltage become zero, N3 and

N4 turned off and hence, load voltage become
zero.
 Output Waveforms

Figure 8 : Step-down cycloconverter–bridge type for R load

where α is the firing angle.
End of Chapter 5