Name- Suraj Choudhary

Section- B
Branch- Electrical
Engineering
Scramjet Engine - Future of Warfare Roll No:- 18ESKEE108
 Ramjet Engine

 The incoming supersonic airflow is slowed to

subsonic speeds by multiple shock waves, created
by back-pressuring the engine.
 This subsonic flow undergoes combustion and
accelerates through a narrow throat, or mechanical
choke, to supersonic speeds.

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 Scramjet Engine

In Scramjet, airflow is decelerated by oblique shock wave

emanated from forebody and undergoes combustion at
supersonic speeds & accelerates to hypersonic speeds without
any choking mechanism.

 Airflow in Scramjet remains supersonic throughout the

combustion process

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 Why Supersonic Combustion?

The air flow initially slowdown to subsonic and

speedup to supersonic, is highly waste of energy.

Deceleration of airflow- decreases the K.E and

increases the internal energy with increase in
pressure, density and temperature.

At higher speeds, (M>6) this effect becomes so

pronounced that it is no longer advantageous to
decelerate the flow to subsonic speeds.

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How it
works?

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Propulsion system of scramjet engine

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Insert or Drag and Drop your Image

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 Components of Scramjet Engine

1. Engine components
a. Internal inlet
b. Isolator
c. Combustor
d. Internal nozzle and
e. Fuel supply subsystems

2. Vehicle components
a. Fore body, for air induction
b. Aft body, a critical component of nozzle

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 Air induction system

It consists of :
a. Forebody
b. Internal inlet

The Forebody provides the initial external

compression and contributes to the drag and
moments of the vehicle.

The Internal inlet compression provides the final

compression of the propulsion cycle.

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The air in the captured stream tube undergoes a
reduction in Mach number with an attendant increase
in pressure and temperature as it passes through the
system of shock waves in the fore body and internal
inlet.

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Scramjet Air Induction Phenomena
Include-

 Vehicle bow shock

 Isentropic turning Mach waves
 Shock-boundary layer interaction
 Non-uniform flow conditions and
 Three-dimensional effects.

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 Isolator & combustor
Isolator

It allows supersonic flow to adjust its static back

pressure higher than its inlet static pressure

The isolator cross-sectional area may be constant or

slightly divergent to accommodate boundary layer
separation.

When the combustion process begins to separate the

boundary layer, a pre-combustion shock forms.

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Combustor

The combustor accepts the airflow with variations

in geometry inflow profiles and provides efficient
fuel air mixing within the available combustor
length.

The combustor fuel is scheduled to stay within the

engine operability limits while optimizing engine
thrust potential.

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 Expansion System
The expansion system, consists of
a. Internal nozzle
b. Vehicle aft body

It completes the propulsion flow path and

controls the expansion of the high pressure and
temperature gas mixture to produce net thrust.

During the expansion process, the potential

energy generated by the combustor is converted
into kinetic energy.

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Diagram of Expansion System

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 Operational Characteristics

For scramjet operation, the shockwave must exist in

a stable form all the way through the engine and
back out the rear into what is called the ‘external
nozzle’

The requirement for this ‘standing wave’ limits the

scramjet to Mach 3 and up.

A shockwave- powerful enough to stand up to the

pressures and stresses created by burning jet fuel
will not occur until roughly Mach 3.
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 Fuel Choice

Missiles and short-range aircraft may use

hydrocarbon fuels for their storability and
volumetric energy density.

Long cruise range aircraft or space access

systems tend toward hydrogen because it has
superior energy release per pound of fuel, and
heat absorption capability, critical to actively
cooled structures exposed to scramjet
environment.

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 Advantages and disadvantages of scramjets

Special cooling and materials

Time in the atmosphere at hypersonic speed would be

considerable, possibly 15-30 minutes. Similar to a
reentering space vehicle, heat insulation would be a
formidable task.

New materials offer good insulation at high temperature, but

they often sacrifice themselves in the process. Therefore
studies often plan on active cooling.

All cooling systems add weight and complexity to a launch

system and reduce its efficiency. The increased cooling
requirements of scramjet engines result in lower efficiency.

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Simplicity of design
Scramjets have few to no moving parts. Most of
their body consists of continuous surfaces. With
simple fuel pumps, reduced total components.

Testing difficulties
Testing scramjet designs use extremely expensive
hypersonic test chambers or expensive launch
vehicles, both of which lead to high
instrumentation costs.

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 Lack of stealth

There is no published way to make a scramjet

powered vehicle (or any other hypersonic
vehicle) stealthy- since the vehicle would be
very hot due to its high speed within the
atmosphere it should be easy to detect with
infrared sensors. However, any aggressive act
against a scramjet vehicle would be difficult
because of its high speed.

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 Conclusion

 Using these Scramjet technologies, along with

additional ground-and flight-test experiments, will
pave the way for affordable and reusable air
breathing hypersonic propulsion systems such as
missiles, long range aircraft and space-access
vehicles around 2010, 2015, 2025, respectively.

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Thank You