ORTHOGRAPHIC

PROJECTIONS

UNIT -1(b)
 What is meant by
Orthographic
•Projection?
ORTHO means Right-angle;
• GRAPHIC means Drawing;
• ORTHO GRAPHIC means Right-
angled Drawing.

 When the projectors are

perpendicular to the plane on which
the projection is obtained and are
also parallel to each other, it is
known as Orthographic
Projection.
Principles of
Orthographic
Projections
• Projectors
The lines or rays drawn from the object
to the plane are called Projectors.
• Plane of Projection
The transparent plane on which the
projections are drawn is known as Plane of
Projection.
• Projection
The figure or view formed by joining, in
correct sequence, the points at which
the rays meet the plane is called the
Projection of the object.
Orthographi
c Projection
PICTORIAL PROJECTIONS
• The projections in which the
description of the object is
completely understood in one view
is known as Pictorial Projection.
1. Isometric Projection: It gives the true
shape of the object, but not the true size.
It shows three sides of the object in one
projection.
2. Oblique Projection: In this, the projectors
are not perpendicular to the plane of
projection.
Four Quadrants
PRINCIPAL PLANES
A POP is a plane on which a particular view is
projected. In multiview orthographic projections, we
need different POPs to draw different views of an
object. Three such planes, perpendicular to each
other, are called principal planes or reference planes
(RP). These are as follows:
Horizontal Plane A plane parallel to the ground (or
horizon) is called horizontal plane (HP) or
horizontal reference plane (HRP).
Vertical Plane A plane perpendicular to the ground
and intersecting the HP is called vertical plane
(VP) or frontal reference plane (FRP).
Profile Plane A plane perpendicular to the HP and the
VP and intersecting both of them is called
profile plane (PP) or profile reference plane (PRP).
Difference Between First Angle & Third Angle

First-Angle Projection Third-Angle Projection

The object is kept in the first quadrant. The object is assumed to be kept in the
third quadrant.
The object lies between the observer and The plane of projection lies between the
the plane or projection. observer and the object.
the plane of projection is assumed to be The plane of projection is assumed to be
non-transparent. transparent.
In this method, when the views are drawn In this method, when the views are drawn
in their relative positions, the plan tomes in their relative positions, the plan, comes
below the elevation, the view of the object above the elevation, left hand side view is
as observed from the left-side is drawn to drawn to the left hand side of the
the right of elevation. elevation.

This method of projection is now This method of projection is used in U.S.A.

recommended by the "Bureau of Indian and also in other countries.
Standards’’ from 1991.
Three Reference Planes:-
VP- Vertical Plane
HP- Horizontal Plane
PP- Profile Plane
Objective
An orthographic drawing represents a three-dimensional object using several two-
dimensional views of the object. Three-dimensional drawings can be used to show the
overall concept and design, but they are often not able to explain actual shape, size and
other details of object which are required for the purpose of manufacturing . Orthographic
drawings can help to overcome those challenges.
Three Reference Planes:-
VP- Vertical Plane
HP- Horizontal Plane
PP- Profile Plane
Orthographic Views
Front View- FV
Top View- TV
Left Hand Side View-LHSV
Right Hand Side View- RHSV
Bottom View- BV
Rear View- RV

Note:- As per BIS (SP: 2003), the FV, TV, LHSV, RSHV, BV and RV should be referred as the view from the front,
the view from above, the view from left, the view from right, the view from below and the view from rear
respectively.
Methods of Multiview Projection

The method of first-angle projection is the British standard practice. The third-angle
projection is the standard practice followed in America and in the continent of Europe.
In our country, the first-angle projection method is used as per revised SP:46-1988
and SP:46-2003 which is recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S.)
Sequence of Views
First-Angle Projection
Sequence of Views
Third-Angle Projection
Few Points To Remember
 If the angle of projection is not given then follow first angle of projection.
 If the drawing is prepared by using a scale i.e. reducing or enlarging then mention the
scale value.
 If any dimension is missing then assume the missing dimension in proportion to other
available dimensions.
 Missing depth of hole can be assumed as through hole.
 If direction of view for front view is not available then the view of maximum length
should be assumed as front.
 Over dimensioning should be avoided.
Few Examples
Few Examples
Orthographic projection
an
of object
(First angle
Projection)
Orthographic views
(Multiple views and placement)
Representation of
dimensional objects
Three
Draw Front view, Top view.
Draw Front view, Top view.
Draw Front view, Top view
Problem - 4
Draw Front view, Top view,
Draw all three principal views fv tv and rhsv
Problem - 5
Draw Front view, Top view
Problem - 6
Draw Front view, Top view, Left
side view.