1.

2 Unifying Themes of Biology

KEY CONCEPT
Unifying themes connect concepts from many
fields of biology.
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

All levels of life have systems of parts that

interact

A system is group of related parts that interact

to form a whole
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

Biologists study many different systems

from the molecular to the biosphere level.
 Fig. 1-3

1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

Order

Response
to the
environment

Evolutionary
adaptation

Regulation

Reproduction
Energy
processing Growth and
development
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

All levels of life have systems of parts that interact.

Cells have structures called organelles, each with their own
job, which work together to keep the cell alive.
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

All levels of life have systems of parts that interact.

An Organ System is made up of individual organs that work
to carry out specific jobs. Ex. Digestive
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

All levels of life have systems of parts that interact.

An Organ System is made up of individual organs that work
to carry out specific jobs. Ex. Digestive

The Human Organism has

11 different organ systems that
Work together as one big system

Can you name them all?

1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

All levels of life have systems of parts that interact.

Ecosystems (ecological system) include living and nonliving
things that interact to maintain Earth’s life.
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

Structure determines function are related in biology.

Protein molecules with different structures perform
different functions.
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

Structure and function are related in biology.

– Cell structure determines the job it can do
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

Structure and function are related in biology.

– Cell structure determines the job it can do
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

Structure and function are related in biology.

• Structure determines function.
Different species have different anatomical structures
with different functions.
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in

diverse environments.
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal
conditions.
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

• Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal

conditions.
– Homeostasis is usually maintained through negative
feedback.
– Negative feedback systems return a condition to its
normal (set) point.
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

• Behaviors and adaptations can help maintain

homeostasis.
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life.

• Evolution is the change in living things over time.
– The genetic makeup of a population of a species
changes.
– Evolution can occur through natural selection of
adaptations.
– Adaptations are beneficial inherited traits that are
passed to future generations.
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

• Evolution accounts for both the diversity and the unity of

life.
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

The continuity of life is based on heritable

information in the form of DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
• Chromosomes contain most of a cell’s genetic
material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid)
• DNA is the substance of genes
• Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit
information from parents to offspring.
1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

Nucleotide

ll

(a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA

1.2 Unifying Themes of Biology

NITROGENOUS BASES
DNA
PURINE BASES
ADENINE & GUANINE
PYRIMIDINE BASES
CYTOSINE & THYMINE
RNA
PURINE BASES
ADENINE & GUANINE
PYRIMIDINE BASES
CYTOSINE & URACIL