CGCR 501 – Research Methods

Assoc. Prof. Dr. İbrahim Kahramanoğlu

Postharvest Expert | Horticultural Scientist
Lecture Contents
Weeks Contents
Week 1 Introduction / description of course outline
Week 2 Research steps, basic concepts and ethics
Week 3 Scientific Research & Literature Review
Week 4 Selecting a research topic
Week 5 Searching literature
Week 6 Research Types
Week 7 Qualitative and quantitative research methods
Week 8 Primary and secondary data collection methods
Week 9 Plagiarism
Week 10 Preparing bibliography
Week 11 Writing a research proposal
Week 12 Student presentations
Week 13 Student presentations
Week 14 Student presentations
 Referencing means acknowledging the sources you have used in your
writing. Including references helps you support your claims and ensures
that you avoid plagiarism. There are many referencing styles, but they
usually consist of two things: A citation wherever you refer to a source
in your text.

 Applies to:
 facts, figures, ideas & theories
 From:
 books, journals, internet, videos, lecture notes etc.
 Exception:
 common knowledge
How to cite: methods and styles

Method Style
 Harvard method, in-text  APA 6th
(author, date)  Chicago
 Footnotes  Harvard
 Endnotes (or numbering  MLA
format)
 Vancouver
 • etc.

Caution: Harvard method ≠ Harvard style

Method
 Harvard method, in-text (author, date)

Two authors,
Surnames of the two authors
comma and year

Single author,
Surname of the author
comma and year

More than two authors,

Surname of the first author
et al., and year

et al. is short for the Latin term “et

alia,” which means “and others.”
Method
 Footnotes format
 A footnote is a note that provides additional information or references for the
reader.
 A footnote is indicated with a superscript numeral (like this1) within the text
that corresponds to the same numeral at the bottom of the page, which is
followed by the reference or additional information. The footnote should be
included directly following the text it pertains to, usually after any punctuation.

 People working in the humanities—literature, history, and the arts—are the

primary users of the footnotes and bibliography system.
Method
 Footnotes format

Source: https://guides.library.uwa.edu.au/AGLC4
Method
 Endnotes format
 The main difference between footnotes and endnotes is that footnotes
are included at the bottom of each page, whereas endnotes are included
at the end of a chapter, article, or book.
 In a text that has a significant number of notes, it may be better to
format them as endnotes since the footnotes would take up a lot of room
at the bottom of each page, making the text harder to read.
Method
 Endnotes format

Source: https://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/chicago-turabian/footnotes/
Method
 Endnotes format
Method
 Endnotes format
Style
 APA 6th – American Psychological Association (https://www.apa.org/)
 In-text:
(Kahramanoğlu, 2019, p. 4) or (Kahramanoğlu, 2019)

 Reference:

Kahramanoğlu, İ. (2019). Effects of lemongrass oil application and modified atmosphere

packaging on the postharvest life and quality of strawberry fruits. Scientia Horticulturae, 256,
108527. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.05.054
Style
 APA 6th
 In-text:
 In in-text citation, the surname and year system is adopted (American
Psychological Association-APA/6th ed. style). If required, the affixes must
be added to the surname. The following types can be adopted:
 It is common knowledge that the inert particles used as catalyst support in industry also
affect the gas-liquid mass-transfer coefficient (Özkan, 2000).
 Özkan (2000) states that inert particles used as catalyst support in industry also affect the
gas-liquid mass-transfer coefficient.
 According to Özkan (2000) inert particles used as catalyst support in industry also affect the
gas-liquid mass-transfer coefficient.
Style
 APA 6th
 In-text:
 Citing a source by single author:
 (Kahramanoğlu, 2019)
 Citing a source with two authors: use “and” or “&” between surnames of authors.
 (Kahramanoğlu and Usanmaz, 2020)
 (Wan & Kahramanoğlu, 2021)
 Citing a source with more than two authors: the abbreviation “et al.” is used after
the surname of the first author:
 (Kahramanoğlu et al., 2022)
Style
 APA 6th
 In-text:
 Citing multiple sources at the same time: a semi-colon “;” is used between two
sources.
 (Kahramanoğlu, 2019; Wan et al., 2021)
 Citing multiple sources with different dates by single author: A comma “,” must be
used between the sources with different dates.
 (Abak, 1996, 2000)
 Citing two sources with the same dates by single author: The letters “a, b…” must
be placed after the publication date, respectively.
 (Kahramanoğlu, 2019a; 2019b)
Style
 APA 6th
 In-text:
 Citing citations embedded within the original material quoted: Initially, the first
source is referred and then the author who makes the first quotation is stated. In
this case, the work cited will not be included in the list of References (Gülerman,
1970).
 According to Burges (1962), sum of squares of the number of the daily workers is an
effective measure in source compensation (Gülerman,1970).
 Sum of squares of the number of the daily workers is an effective measure in source
compensation (Burgess, 1962; cited in Gülerman, 1970).
 Gülerman (1970), referring to Burgess (1962), states that sum of squares of the number
of the daily workers is an effective measure in source compensation.
Style
 APA 6th
 In-text:
 Citing an unknown source stated in another source.
 In Burgess’s evaluation of source, sum of squares of the number of the daily workers
appears to be an effective measure in source compensation (Gülerman, 1970).
 Citing Personal Communications: The first letter of author’s name as well as the
surname of the communicator must be written and it must comply with one of the
examples given below. If needed, details about the communicator(s) can be
provided in a footnote.
 (Y. Büyükerşen, 1985, interview)
 (O. Ünsaç, 1970, written communication)
 According to İ. Tekeli (1980, interview), the first Turkish contractors…
Style
 APA 6th
 Rules for Reference writing:
 Author’s Surname, comma, initials of the author, period (surnames and names are
capitalized).
 Publication year (in parenthesis).
 Title of the source and period (periodical and book names (for each word) are
capitalized, the first letters of article headings are capitalized)
 Place of publication and comma (the first letter of each word is capitalized and
italicized)
 Volume and comma (italicized and if applicable, the number must be given in
parenthesis in regular fonts).
 City and/or country in which it is published and colon and the publisher (for books).
 Pages quoted and period (the first and the last page with a dash between).
 Style
Volume Year
 APA 6th number

 Article Journal name

Title

Author

Kahramanoğlu, İ. (2019). Effects of lemongrass oil application and modified atmosphere

packaging on the postharvest life and quality of strawberry fruits. Scientia
Horticulturae, 256, 108527. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.05.054
DOI’s – Digital Object Identifier

 A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to

identify content and provide a persistent link to its
location on the Internet.

 Use this format for the DOI in references: doi:

10.xxxxxxxxx
 pages
Style Volume(issue)
Year
Journal name
 APA 6th
Title
 Article

Authors

Kahramanoğlu, İ., & Usanmaz, S. (2019). Improving postharvest storage quality of

cucumber fruit by modified atmosphere packaging and biomaterials. HortScience,
54(11), 2005-2014. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI14461-19
 Volume(issue) pages
Style
Year
 APA 6th Journal name

 Article
Title

Authors

Kahramanoğlu, İ., Rengasamy, K. R., Usanmaz, S., Alas, T., Helvacı, M., Okatan, V., ... & Wan, C.
(2022). Improving the safety and security of fruits and vegetables during COVID-19 pandemic
with postharvest handling. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(32), 8855-8865. doi:
10.1080/10408398.2021.1935703
… after 6th author,
except final
Style
 APA 6th
 Why we do not write the names of authors after 6th…
 Style Title

Authors
 APA 6th
Year
 Books
Location of Publisher
Publisher

Page number

Kahramanoglu, I., & Usanmaz, S. (2016). Pomegranate production and marketing. Boca Raton,
Florida, CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/b20151
 Style
Chapter Title
 APA 6th
 Book Chapters Authors

Book title
Year
Publisher
Book Editor

Kahramanoglu, I., Usanmaz, S., & Alas, T. (2019). Advances in breeding and cultivation of
pomegranate. In E. M. Yahia (Ed.), Achieving sustainable cultivation of tropical fruits (pp. 569-
596). Cambridge, London, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing.

Page range Location of the Publisher

 Style

 APA 6th
 Proceedings
(Conference papers)

Proceedings: Conference proceedings published as a book must be in the same

formats as books and the ones published in periodicals must be in the same
format as articles (See APA Manual, 6th ed., July 2009).
 Style
Symposium name (proceedings name) Year
 APA 6th
 Proceedings
Title
(Conference papers)

Authors

Umar, K. & Kahramanoğlu, İ. (2021). Improving postharvest storability of “cyprus lemons” by

the application of ozone, rosemary oil, straw coverage and/or/with
modified atmosphere packaging. In III. Balkan Agriculture Congress, Edirne, Turkey, 29 August –
1 September 2021, (pp. 336-347).
Style
 APA 6th
 Translations:
 The publication year of the source must be considered as the year of
publication and as the title, the translated version of the title must be used.
“Trans.”, the initials of the translator and his/her surname (first letters of
name and surnames must be capitalized) must be given in parenthesis.
Place of publication and publisher must be provided.

 Example:
 Simon, H. (1973). Kamu Yönetimi, (Trans. C. Mıhçıoğlu), Ankara:
TODAİE.
Style
 APA 6th
 Sources accepted for publication but not published yet:

 Hassan, M.J. (1985). Application of Line Of Balance Technique for Project

Planning and Scheduling in Construction Industry, MSc Thesis, Middle East
Technical University, 146p (unpublished).

 Unpublished sources: If the place and the date of publication are known, it
can be used as a reference source.
 O'Brien, J.J., Kreitzberg, F.C. ve Mikes, W. (2010). Network scheduling
variations for repetitive work, Journal of Construction and Management (in
press).
Style
 APA 6th
 Sources published by organizations or/and institutions: If the organization
has a long name, the name is abbreviated and the abbreviation is mentioned
in the “List of Abbreviations”.

 U.S. Department of Justice. (1995). Correctional statistics in the U.S., 1992.

Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Style
 APA 6th
 Sources accessed via Web sites: Close attention should be paid to provide
as much information as possible for the sources accessed via Web sites.
This information must cover the following details:
 Author(s) of the source/the publisher
 Publication year (if known)
 Title of the source
 Place of publication (italicized)/ volume (italicized)/ number in parenthesis (if
any)/page numbers (for electronic articles)
 Source’s URL address (DOI number for electronic periodicals)
 Access date (unless DOI number is provided)
Style
 APA 6th
 Sources accessed via Web sites:

 FAOSTAT (2022). Production data about tomatoes. Available at:

https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (Accessed on 28 November
2022).
Style
 For other details, you can check the website of APA
 https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples
Style
 Chicago
 The Chicago Manual of Style is a style guide for American English published since
1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 17 editions have prescribed writing and
citation styles widely used in publishing. It is "one of the most widely used and
respected style guides in the United States".

 Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and
(2) author-date.
Style
 Chicago

 APA
 Kahramanoğlu, İ., & Usanmaz, S. (2019). Improving postharvest storage quality of
cucumber fruit by modified atmosphere packaging and biomaterials. HortScience, 54(11),
2005-2014.

 Chicago
 Kahramanoğlu, İbrahim, and Serhat Usanmaz. "Improving postharvest storage quality of cucumber fruit
by modified atmosphere packaging and biomaterials." HortScience 54, no. 11 (2019): 2005-2014.
Style
 Harvard
 The Harvard referencing system is a brief citation to a source and is given in
parentheses within the text of an article, and full citations collected in alphabetical
order under "List of References," heading at the end. This style is also known as the
"author-date" style.

 APA
 Kahramanoğlu, İ., & Usanmaz, S. (2019). Improving postharvest storage quality of
cucumber fruit by modified atmosphere packaging and biomaterials. HortScience, 54(11),
2005-2014.

 Harvard
 Kahramanoğlu, İ. and Usanmaz, S., 2019. Improving postharvest storage quality of cucumber fruit by
modified atmosphere packaging and biomaterials. HortScience, 54(11), pp.2005-2014.
Style
 MLA
 MLA style is a referencing method developed by the Modern Language Association.

 APA
 Kahramanoğlu, İ., & Usanmaz, S. (2019). Improving postharvest storage quality of
cucumber fruit by modified atmosphere packaging and biomaterials. HortScience, 54(11),
2005-2014.

 MLA
 Kahramanoğlu, İbrahim, and Serhat Usanmaz. "Improving postharvest storage quality of
cucumber fruit by modified atmosphere packaging and biomaterials." HortScience 54.11
(2019): 2005-2014.
Style
 Vancouver
 The Vancouver system, also known as Vancouver reference style or the author–number
system, is a citation style that uses numbers within the text that refer to numbered
entries in the reference list. It is popular in medicine and science.
 APA
 Kahramanoğlu, İ., & Usanmaz, S. (2019). Improving postharvest storage quality of
cucumber fruit by modified atmosphere packaging and biomaterials. HortScience, 54(11),
2005-2014.

 Vancouver
 Kahramanoğlu İ, Usanmaz S. Improving postharvest storage quality of cucumber fruit by modified
atmosphere packaging and biomaterials. HortScience. 2019 Nov 1;54(11):2005-14.
Bibliography/References

 References should be listed alphabetically at the end of the

text without numbering (in mentioned format). All authors
should be included in reference (some journals sugges not
to include if there is more than 7 authors).
 References should be written in their original languages,
but if there is English translation of the title, it should be
included in parenthesis; do not provide a self-translation.
How to avoid plagiarism

 Cite the original author of a «study» even if you

paraphrase or summarize a work.

 Quote and cite phrases, sentences, and paragraphs

taken directly from the original source and give
citation too.

 Quote and cite statistics, charts, graphs and

drawings taken directly from the original source.
What to cite?
Everything;

Except:

 When you use your own words

 When the fact used is common knowledge.

What makes it “common knowledge”?

Common knowledge is knowledge that is known by everyone
or nearly everyone, usually with reference to the community in
which the term is used
 Quote
 Paraphrase
 Summarize
 Cite

To be safe
 There are some programs helping you to cite references.

 Microsoft word
 MENDELEY Desktop (incorporated into Word)
For Mendeley: Install Plugin

• To activate the Insert Citation feature, a plugin for MS Word is necessarily

installed
• Installation steps:
• Open Mendeley Desktop and then Login
• After logging in, access the Tools menu and select Install MS Word
Plugin
• The plugin will automatically be installed on MS Word
• Check on MS Word to make sure the plugin is installed
• Open MS Word
• Access the Reference menu
• Click the Insert Citation menu in Mendeley logo
Insert Citation

Steps to insert citation

• Open MS Word and click the References menu
• Then click Insert Citation
• A pop-up window will appear to specifically search the data based on
the author name, title, or year
• Once found, select the desired data and click OK to enter the citation
• Data that can be searched are those that have been imported into "My
Library"
Insert Citation

• If finding the text to cite is difficult, please select "Go To Mendeley" menu
• "My Library" menu will appear on the Mendeley Desktop application
• Select the article to cite and then click the "Cite" button
Insert Bibliography

• After completing the citation, the Bibliography can be entered automatically.

• Click the References menu then click the Insert Bibliography menu
• The system will automatically arrange the Bibliography according to the style
chosen.
Another way for styling references..
 Google Scholar
Google Scholar
 Write or copy-paste the title of the source into search options
Google Scholar
 Final Topic:
Writing a Research Proposal

(This is the summary of the lecture… any questions)

Thanks

Q/A