Chapter4 RatioRatesandProportion

Chapter Ratio, Rates and Proportion
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1

A ratio compares two quantities.

Example 1
Writing Ratios
Tamara spent $13 on fish, $8 on salad and $7 on

a. Ratio of amount spent on salad to amount
The ratio of salad to bread is
spent on bread.
bread. Write each ratio as a fraction.

b. Ratio of fish to bread.
$8 8

$7 7
Numerator Denominator
(mentioned first) (mentioned second)
$13 13

$7 7

Example 2
Writing Ratios in Lowest Terms
Write each ratio in lowest terms.

a. 80 days to 20 days.
Divide the numerator and denominator by 20.
b. 30 ounces to medicine to 140 ounces of water
80 80  20 4
 
20 20  20 1
30 30  10 3
 
140 140  10 14

Example 3
Using Decimal Numbers in a Ratio
The price of a bag of dog food increased from

$22.95 to $25.50. Find the ratio of the increase in
price to the original price.
new price – original price = increase
$25.50  $22.95 = $2.55

Find the ratio of the increase in price to the original
price. 2.55  increase in price
22.95  original price
Now write the ratio as a ratio of whole numbers.
2.55 2.55  100 255 255  255 1
   
22.95 22.95  100 2295 2295  255 9
Example 4
Using Mixed Numbers in Ratios
Write each ratio as a comparison of whole numbers in
lowest terms.
a. 4 days to 4 1 days
4
Write the ratio and divide out common units.
4 days 4
 1
4 41 days 4 4
Write as improper fractions.
4
4 1 4 17 4 4 16

4 41 17  1  4  1  17  17
4
Reciprocals
Example 4
Using Mixed Numbers in Ratios
b. 4 3 pounds to 2 1 pounds
8 4
3 35 1 9
4  2 
8 8 4 4
35
4 38
 8
2 41 9
4
1
35 9 35 4 35 4 35
      
8 4 8 9 82 9 18

Example 5
Ratio Applications Using Measurement
Write the ratio 34 days to 4 weeks.
4 weeks = 4  7 days = 28 days
34 days 34 days 34 days 34  2 17

   
4 weeks 28 days 28 days 28  2 14

A ratio compares two measurements with
the same type of units, such as 8 yards to
20 yards (both length measurements). But
many of the comparisons we make use
measurements with different types of units,
such as the following.
250 dollars for 15 hours
320 miles on 10 gallons
In a rate, you often find these words

separating the quantities you are
comparing:
in for on per from
Example 1
Writing Rates in Lowest Terms
Write each rate as a fraction in lowest terms.
a. 8 gallons of antifreeze for $40.
8 gallons  8 1 gallon

40 dollars  8 5 dollars
b. 192 calories in 6 ounces of yogurt
192 calories  6 32 calories


6 ounces  6 1 ounce

Example 1
continued Writing Rates in Lowest Terms
Write each rate as a fraction in lowest terms.
c. 84 hamburgers on 7 grills.
84 hamburgers  7 12 hamburgers

7 grills  7 1 grill

When the denominator of a rate is 1, it is called
a unit rate. For example, you earn $16.25 for
1 hour of work.
This unit rate is written:
$16.25 per hour
Use per or a slash mark (/) when writing unit rates.

Example 2
Finding Unit Rates
Find each unit rate.

a. 445.5 miles on 16.5 gallons of gas
445.5 miles 27
Divide to find the unit rate. 16.5 445.5
16.5 gallons
445.5 miles  16.5 27 miles


16.5 gallons  16.5 1 gallon
The unit rate is 27 miles per gallon or 27 miles/gallon.

Example 2
continued Finding Unit Rates
Find each unit rate.

b. 413 feet in 14 seconds
29.5
413 feet Divide to find the unit rate. 14 413.0
14 seconds
The unit rate is 29.5 feet/second.

Example 3
Determining the Best Buy
A local store charges the following prices for

jars of jelly. $3.69
$3.09
$2.39
18 oz. 24 oz. 28 oz.
The best buy is the container with the lowest cost per
unit. All the jars are measured in ounces. Find the
cost per ounce for each one by dividing the price of
the jar by the number of ounces in it. Round to the
nearest thousandth if necessary.
Example 3
continued Determining the Best Buy
Size Cost per Unit (rounded)

18 ounces $2.39
 $0.133 per ounce highest
18 ounces
24 ounces $3.09
 $0.129 per ounce lowest
24 ounces
28 ounces $3.69
 $0.132 per ounce
28 ounces
The lowest cost per ounce is $0.129, so the 24-ounce

jar is the best buy.

Example 4
Solving Best Buy Applications
Juice is sold as a concentrated can as well as in a ready to serve carton. Which of the choices
below is the best buy?
12 oz can makes 48
ounces of juice for $1.69 60 oz carton for $2.59
To determine the best buy, divide the cost by the

number of ounces.

Example 4
continued Solving Best Buy Applications
12 oz can makes 48
ounces of juice for $1.69 60 oz carton for $2.59
Concentrate $1.69
48 ounces
Carton $2.59
60 ounces
Although, you must mix it yourself, the concentrated can of
juice is the better buy.
B. Write ratios in simplest form using a fraction.
1)
Family Budget
Housing Food Transport Taxes Utilities Miscellaneous Total
$800 $400 $300 $350 $150 $400 $2400
i) Use the table to find the ratio of housing cost to total expenses.
ii) Use the table to find the ratio of food cost to total expenses.
iii) Use the table to find the ratio of utilities cost to food cost.
iv) Use the table to find the ratio of transportation cost to housing cost.
2) A transformer has 40 turns in the primary coil and 480 turns in the secondary coil. State
the ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil to the number of turns in the secondary
coil.
3) Rita Sterling bought a computer system for $2400. Five years later she sold the computer
for $900. Find the ratio of the amount she received for the computer to the cost of the
computer.
4) A house with an original value of $90,000 increased in value to $110,000 in 5 years.

a) Find the increase in the value of the house.
b) What is the ratio of the increase in value to the original value of the house?

PROPORTION
A proportion states that two ratios (rates) are
equivalent.
The rate $20/4 hr is equivalent to $40/8 hr. As the

amount of money doubles, the number of hours
also doubles.
$20 $40

4 hours 8 hours

Example 1
Writing Proportions
Write each proportion.

a. 3 ft is to 9 ft as 12 ft is to 36 ft.
3 ft 12 ft

9 ft 36 ft
3 ft 12 ft 3 12 Common units divide out
 so  and are not written.
9 ft 36 ft 9 36
b. $8 is to 3 cans as $32 is to 12 cans
$8 $32 The units do not match so you
 must write them in the proportion.
3 cans 12 cans

Example 2
Writing Both Ratios in Lowest Terms
Determine whether each proportion is true or false

by writing both ratios in lowest terms.
a. 6  32
7 28
32  4 8 The proportion is
6  false since the ratios
in lowest terms 28  4 7 are not equivalent.
7
24 36
b. 
52 78
24  4 6 36  6 6 The proportion is true
  since the ratios are
52  4 13 78  6 13 equivalent.

Example 3
Using Cross Products
Use cross products to see whether each proportion

is true or false.
a. 4  12 Multiply along one diagonal, then multiply along the
other diagonal.
9 27
9  12 = 108
4 12 Equal cross products;
 proportion is true.
9 27
4  27 = 108

Example 3
Using Cross Products
Use cross products to see whether each proportion

is true or false.
1
b. 4 18
2 Find the cross products.
3 13
3 9
4 3 15 18 135
3  18   
1 4 42 1 2
4
2  18 Unequal cross
products; proportion
3 13
3 is false.
4 1 9 13 117
4  13   
2 2 1 2

SOLVING PROPORTIONS
Four numbers are used in a proportion. If any

three of these numbers are known, the fourth can
be found.

Example 1
Solving Proportions for Unknown
Numbers
Find the unknown number in each proportion.
Round answers to the nearest hundredth when
necessary.
a. 30  48
x 40
Ratios can be written in lowest terms. You can do
that before finding the cross products.
48 6
can be written in lowest terms as ,
40 5
which gives the proportion
30 6
 .
x 5
Example 1
continued
Numbers
x 6
Step 1 30 6
 Find the cross products
x 5 30  5
Step 2 x  6  30  5 Show that the cross products are equivalent.
x  6  150
1
Step 3 x  6 150

6 6
1
x  25
Example 1
continued
Numbers
Step 4 Write the solution in the original

proportion and check by finding cross
products.
30 6 25  6  150
 Equal; proportion is true.
25 5 30  5  150
The cross products are equal, so 25 is the correct

solution.

Example 1
continued
Numbers
3 20
b. 
7 x
Step 1 3 20 7  20

7 x Find the cross products
3x
Step 2 3  x  140 Show that the cross products are equivalent.
Step 3 3  x  140
3 3
1
x  46.67 Rounded to the nearest hundredth.

Example 1
continued
Numbers
Step 4 Write the solution in the original

proportion and check by finding cross
products.
7  20  140
3 20 Very close, but not
 equal due to rounding.
7 46.67 3  46.67  140.01
The cross products are very close, so 46.67 is the

approximate solution.

Example 2
Solving Proportions with Mixed
Numbers and Decimals
6 32 x 8 x
a.  6 32 x
8 36  Find the cross products
8 36 2
6  36
3
2
Find 6  36. 12
3 2 20 36 240
6  36     240
3 3 1 1
1
Show the cross products are equivalent. 8  x  240
Divide both sides by 8. 8  x 240

 x  30
8 8
Example 2
continued
8  30  240
6 2
30
3
 Equal
8 36 2
6  36  240
3
The cross products are equal, so 30 is the correct

solution.

Example 2
continued
10.4 6.76
b. 
12.4 x
Show that cross products are equivalent.
10.4  ( x )  (12.4)(6.76)
10.4  ( x )  83.824
10.4  x   83.824 Divide both sides by 10.4.
10.4 10.4
x  8.06
Example 2
continued
10.4 6.76 10.4 ∙ 8.06 = 83.824

 Equal
12.4 8.06
12.4 ∙ 6.76 = 83.824
The cross products are equal, so 8.06 is the

correct solution.

Solving Application Problems with Proportions
A proportion can be used to solve a wide variety
of problems.
Use the six problem-solving steps you learned in a

previous section.
Six Problem-Solving Steps
Step 1 Read the problem.
Step 2 Work out a plan.
Step 3 Estimate a reasonable answer.
Step 4 Solve the problem.
Step 5 State the answer.
Step 6 Check your work.
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide

1-37 37
Example 1
Solving a Proportion Application
On an assembly line, James can process 30 circuit boards in
108 minutes. At that rate, how many circuit boards can he
process in 252 minutes?
Step 1 Read the problem. The problem asks for

the number of circuit boards James can
process in 252 minutes.
Step 2 Work out a plan. Decide what is being
compared. This example compares circuit
boards to minutes. Write a proportion
using the two rates. Be sure that both
rates compare circuit boards to minutes in
the same order.
1-38 38
Example 1
On an assembly line, James can process 30 circuit boards in 108 minutes.
At that rate, how many circuit boards can he process in 252 minutes?
Matching units
30 circuit boards x circuit boards


108 minutes 252 minutes
Matching units
Step 3 Estimate a reasonable answer. Notice that

252 minutes is a little more than twice as
much as 108 minutes, so James should
process more than twice as many circuit
boards. So use 2 • 30 = 60 circuit boards
as our estimate.
1-39 39
Example 1
On an assembly line, James can process 30 circuit boards in 108 minutes. At
that rate, how many circuit boards can he process in 252 minutes?
Step 4 Solve the problem. Ignore the units while

solving for x.
30 circuit boards x circuit boards

108 minutes 252 minutes
(108)( x )  (30)(252) Show that cross
products are equivalent.
(108)( x )  7560
(108)( x ) 7560
 Divide both sides by 108.
108 108
x  70

1-40 40
Example 1
On an assembly line, James can process 30 circuit boards in 108 minutes. At
that rate, how many circuit boards can he process in 252 minutes?
Step 5 State the answer. James can process 70

circuit boards in 252 minutes.
Step 6 Check your work. The answer, 70 circuit

boards is a little more than the estimate of 60
circuit boards, so it is reasonable.

1-41 41
Example 2
A local paper reported that 4 out of 5 voters surveyed
stated that they supported the school levy. At that rate,
how many of the 42,000 voters in town would you
expect to support the school levy?
Step 1 Read the problem. The problem asks for the
number of voters who will support the levy.
Step 2 Work out a plan. You are comparing people
who support the school levy to all the voters
in town.
4 x

5 42,000

1-42 42
Example 2
Step 3 Estimate a reasonable answer. To
estimate the answer, notice that 4 out of 5
voters is more than half the total voters,
but less than all the voters. Half of the
42,000 voters is 42,000 ÷ 2 = 21,000, so
our estimate is between 21,000 and
42,000 voters.

1-43 43
Example 2
Step 4 Solve the problem. Solve for the unknown

number in the proportion.
4 x

5 42,000
Show that cross
5  x  4  42,000 products are equivalent.
5 x  168,000
5 x 168,000
 Divide both sides by 5.
5 5
x  33,600

1-44 44
Example 2
Step 5 State the answer.
You would expect 33,600 voters to support
the school levy.
Step 6 Check your work.
The answer, 33,600 voters is between
21,000 and 42,000, as called for in the
estimate.
1-45 45
Exercises:
A. Determine whether the proportion is true or not true.
4 10 39 13 3 4
1)  2)  3) 
8 20 48 16 18 19
16 pounds 20 pounds 50miles 25miles

4)  5) 
12days 14days 2 gallons 1gallon
B. Solve: Round to the nearest hundredth.
n 6 12 n 5 42
1)  2)  3) 
4 8 18 9 8 n
0.3 n 0.7 3.6

4)  5) 
5.6 25 9.8 n

1-46 46
C. Application problems
1) Twenty-four jars can be packed in 6 identical boxes. At this rate, how many jars can be packed in 15
boxes?
2) Three tablespoons of a liquid plant fertilizer are to be added to every 4 gallons of water. How many
tablespoons of fertilizer are required for 10 gallons of water?
3)A car travels 70.5 miles on 3 gallons of gas. Find the distance that the car can travel on 14 gallons of
gas.
4) A brick wall 20 feet in length contains 1040 bricks. At the same rate, how many bricks would it take to
build a wall 48 feet in length?

1-47 47
A. DIRECT PROPORTION—refers to the relationship of two
variables such that an increase or decrease in one variable
produces the same kind of change in the other
Examples:
1) If one roasted chicken costs $3.50, how much does five roasted
chicken cost?
2) Ali's father took the family on a trip. At the average rate of 35

km/hour, how long did it take them to travel a distance of 350 km?
3) There are four teachers for every 255 students in a lecture class.
How many teachers are there if there are 1785 students?
4) The amount of money Khaled earns is directly proportional to the

number of hours he works. If he works 40 hours, he will make $200.
How much will he earn if he works 55 hours?

1-48 48
B. INDIRECT OR INVERSE PROPORTION—refers to the relation of two
variables such that an increase or decrease in one variable produces an
opposite change in the other
Examples:
1) If eight men can do a certain job in 12 days, how many men will be required
to do the same job in 16 days?
2) If a car traveling at the rate of 40 km/hour takes 10 hours to travel a certain

distance, how long would it take the same car to travel the same distance at
the rate of 50 km/hour?
3) An army camp has provisions for 240 men for 28 days. How long will the
provisions last if only 112 men are sent to the camp?
4) It takes four workers a total of 15 days to frame a house. How many days
would it take six workers to complete the project?

1-49 49

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Chapter Ratio, Rates and Proportion

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2

Tamara spent $13 on fish, $8 on salad and $7 on

bread. Write each ratio as a fraction.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3

Write each ratio in lowest terms.

b. 30 ounces to medicine to 140 ounces of water

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4

The price of a bag of dog food increased from

$25.50  $22.95 = $2.55

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 7

Write the ratio 34 days to 4 weeks.

4 weeks = 4  7 days = 28 days

34 days 34 days 34 days 34  2 17

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8

In a rate, you often find these words

Write each rate as a fraction in lowest terms.

a. 8 gallons of antifreeze for $40.

b. 192 calories in 6 ounces of yogurt

192 calories  6 32 calories

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 11

Write each rate as a fraction in lowest terms.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12

This unit rate is written:

$16.25 per hour

Use per or a slash mark (/) when writing unit rates.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 13

Find each unit rate.

445.5 miles  16.5 27 miles

The unit rate is 27 miles per gallon or 27 miles/gallon.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 14

Find each unit rate.

The unit rate is 29.5 feet/second.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 15

A local store charges the following prices for

18 oz. 24 oz. 28 oz.

Size Cost per Unit (rounded)

The lowest cost per ounce is $0.129, so the 24-ounce

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17

To determine the best buy, divide the cost by the

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 18

$800 $400 $300 $350 $150 $400 $2400

4) A house with an original value of $90,000 increased in value to $110,000 in 5 years.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 20

The rate $20/4 hr is equivalent to $40/8 hr. As the

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 21

Write each proportion.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 22

Determine whether each proportion is true or false

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 23

Use cross products to see whether each proportion

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 25

Use cross products to see whether each proportion

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 26

Four numbers are used in a proportion. If any

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 27

Step 2 x  6  30  5 Show that the cross products are equivalent.

Step 4 Write the solution in the original

The cross products are equal, so 25 is the correct

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 30

Step 2 3  x  140 Show that the cross products are equivalent.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 31