Topic: Measurement of toxicity

Submitted to : Mam Safina Kosar

Submitted by Group No:1 (61-70)
Department: Zoology
Section: Morning B
Course Title: Environmental Toxicology
Course code:Zol-610
TOXICITY

• Degree to which a substance is Poisonous.

• Poisonous:
• Any substance that cause harmful effect when administrated either by
accident or by design to living organism.
• Toxic level is particularly important to Federal agencies that use
information to test the potential risk on people's health and to their
environment.
MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY

• Toxicity can be measured by the effects of a substance on organism

tissue or cell.
• Individual will respond differently to the same dose of substance
because of number of factor including gender, age and body weight…at
same toxic level
• Population level measure toxicity. Probability of result for a population
is then related to given individual in the population.
 LETHAL DOSE

The amount of toxic agent such as poison virus or radiation that is

sufficient to kill 50% of a population of animals within a certain time is
called lethal dose or Median lethal dose LD 50.
The dose of toxic agent required kills half of the members of specific
animal population. Effect of dose must depend on its entry via nose,
mouth and skin to living organisms. For Example: Table salt Id50 gram
per kg in rates and paracetamol 1.944 gram per kg in rates are harmful.
FIXED DOSE PROCEDURE

• Fixed dose procedure proposed in 1992 by British toxicology society.

(Uses few animals less pain and suffering).
• In fixed dose procedure the test substance (individual) is given at one of
the four fixed dose levels (5 50, 500 and 2000 MG/kg) to 5 male and 5
female rates.
• The objective is to identify a dose that produces clear signs of toxicity but
not death or mortality. Some chemical cause toxicity at very low doses as
parts per million parts per billion parts per trillion are also used.
 MOUSE BIOASSAY FOR SHELLFISH

• Bioass:
• Measurement of concentration is potential of a substance by its effect on
living cells or tissues.
• Mouse bioassay:
• Using a mouse to determine how safe a food is. We take or extract a small
amount of food and inject that directly into a mouse and if mouse survives the
food is safe and if mouse dies the food is unsafe.
• Mouse bioassay for shellfish:
• Standard test for toxins or toxicity in shellfish has been mouse bioassay.
• Extract is injected out from the selfish and put it in the mice to
determine the presence of toxics to humans.
• After injection if two are three mice dies within 24 hours the sale of
selfish is prohibited.
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS
SPECTROMETRY

• In 2000, Nelson designs a way to test for toxicity level in selfish using LCMC.
• Chemicals are used to detect toxins.
• Mice will only be needed to detect new toxin. From 2012 all countries of European Union use
Icmc to detect the toxin.
• Complexities of Toxicity testing. Five containers with UN polluted water. +5 containers with
polluted water Then put a decent amount of toxic substance in each container with different
amount.
• Then put 10 organisms of same species in each container having control amount of toxin in each.
OBSERVATION

• Record the changing of observation period in 24 hour

to 96 hour
• number of organism that alive or normal
• Number of organisms not doing well or suffering
number of organism that dead.
QUALITY CONTROL FOR EFFECTIVE
RESULTS:

• Water quantity must be controlled or monitored. Temperature

as well as oxygen in the container must be maintained.
• Calculate median lethal concentration at what toxic level
half of the population killed other than dead or sickness as
well as many toxicity symptoms appear.
• Change in end point results.
• Change in enzyme system animal behavior egg
production may also affect.
• We also compare the concentration measured with
expected in the field.
• We must analyze that if the concentration of pollutants in
container is low then pollutant is not the problem of death
for observing substance are organism.
• If concentration of pollutant is very high then it might be
affected for organism in container other than toxic substance
in the container.
Thank You