WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change refers to long-

term shifts in temperatures
and weather patterns. These
shifts may be natural, such as
through variations in the solar
cycle. But since the 1800s,
human activities have been
the main driver of climate
change, primarily due to
burning fossil fuels like coal,
oil and gas
 WEATHER
Weather is the state of the
atmosphere, including
temperature, atmospheric
pressure, wind, humidity,
precipitation, and cloud
cover. It differs from climate,
which is all weather
conditions for a particular
location averaged over
about 30 years.
Difference between weather and climate

The day-to-day information

of atmospheric changes of a
particular area at a specific
time is called weather.
Climate is the statistical
information of the average
weather condition of a
specific region for more than
30 years. 2. The weather of
a place includes the short-
term atmospheric condition
Green house effect
he greenhouse effect
is the way in which heat
is trapped close to
Earth's surface by
“greenhouse
gases.” These heat-
trapping gases can be
thought of as a blanket
wrapped around Earth,
keeping the planet
toastier than it would be
IS THE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT GOOD
THING WHY OR WHY NOT
The greenhouse effect is a
good thing. It warms the
planet to its comfortable
average of 57 degrees
Fahrenheit (13.9 degrees
Celsius) and keeps life on
earth, well, livable.
Without it, the world
would be a frozen,
uninhabitable place, more
like Mars.
Green house gases
The main greenhouse
gases whose
concentrations are rising
are carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide,
hydrochlorofluorocarbo
ns (HCFCs),
hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs) and ozone in the
lower atmosphere.
What is ozone layer
What is the ozone layer?
The ozone layer is the
common term for the high
concentration of ozone that
is found in the stratosphere
around 15–30km above the
earth's surface. It covers the
entire planet and protects
life on earth by absorbing
harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B)
radiation from the sun.
Layers of atmosphere
An atmosphere can be
defined as the blanket of
gas on the surface of a
planet. The Earth's
atmosphere is the mixture
of gases that surrounds the
planet. The Earth's
atmosphere contains mainly
5 layers which are
troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere, thermosphere
and exosphere.
. WHAT IS TROPOSPHERE
the lowest layer of
the earth's
atmosphere,
between the surface
of the earth and
about 6 to 10
kilometers above
the surface.
WHAT IS STRATOSPHERE
the layer of the
earth's atmosphere
between about 10
and 50 kilometers
above the surface of
the earth.
WHAT IS MESOPHERE
he mesosphere is a layer
of Earth's atmosphere.
The mesosphere is directly
above the stratosphere and
below the thermosphere. It
extends from about 50 to
85 km (31 to 53 miles)
above our planet.
Temperature decreases
with height throughout
the mesosphere.
WHAT IS THERMOSPHERE
The thermosphere is a layer
of Earth's atmosphere
that is directly above
the mesosphere and
below the exosphere. It
extends from about 90 km
(56 miles) to between 500
and 1,000 km (311 to 621
miles) above our planet.
WHAT IS EXOSPHERE
The exosphere is the
outermost layer of our
atmosphere. “Exo” means
outside and is the same
prefix used to describe
insects like grasshoppers
that have a hard shell or
“exoskeleton” on the
outside of their body. The
exosphere is the very edge
of our atmosphere.
impacts of climate change in japan
Increase Risk of Drought
 Due to climate change, some regions are expected
to see an
 increase in the number of days without rain as well
as increased
 occurrences of drought due to decreased snowfall.
Except for
 northern Japan and the central mountainous
region, there is a risk
 that river discharge will decrease, leading to severe
drought. In
 regions where snowmelt water is used, maximum
river discharge
 may fall during the snowmelt period and its peak
may occur earlier
 than usual, thereby leading to the possibility of
decreased river
 discharge when water is most in demand.
Potential Changes in Water Quality
 The impact of climate change on
water temperature and water quality
 and their interaction is very
complex. In rivers and lakes, water
quality
 may deteriorate due to less water
circulation and the increase in
 phytoplankton caused by rising
water temperatures. In outlying
 islands, there is also a possibility that
the rise in sea level could lead
 to increased salt water intrusion into
the groundwater.
Wet Rice Yields will Increase, but
Quality will Decline
 Researchers already know that the temperature after
heading has a
 significant impact on the quality of wet rice. In the
record heat of 2010,
 many regions experienced average temperatures of 28 –
29°C during the
 ripening period, and there were many occurrences of
white immature
 grains with partly milky-white kernels. In every region
except Hokkaido,
 the quality of rice deteriorated remarkably.
 In a rice cultivation experiment conducted with CO2
levels set at 200ppm
 higher than current levels, rice yields increased, but a
large ratio of white
 immature kernels were produced. This marked the first
time that elevated
 CO2 levels were shown to exacerbate high temperature
damage.
Distributions of Agricultural Pests
that can Harm Crops are Expanding
 The southern green stink bug is a pest
that lives on rice, wheat and soybean
plants, and its distribution in the
1960s was limited to warm areas along
the Pacific Ocean in southwestern
Japan.
 Now, however, it has spread to
western Japan and parts of eastern
Japan.
 Stink bugs live in regions where the
average temperature in January is 5°C
or higher, and there are reports that
their range is expanding northward as
temperatures rise.
Spanish Mackerel Have Increased, while Cherry Blossoms have been Flowering Earlier and
Japanese Common Squid Have Decreased Acer Leaves have been Changing Color Later

 Over the long term, sea surface temperature in the waters

around Japan have been increasing, and the high rate of
 Cherry blossoms have been
increase in the central Sea of Japan (1.73°C per 100 years) has flowering earlier in the year, while
impacted fisheries resources.
 Spanish mackerel (a species of mackerel found in warm seas) Acer leaves have been changing
have been caught primarily in the Seto Inland Sea and the East
China Sea, but since the late 1990s, the summer to autumn
color later.
water temperature of the Sea of Japan has increased, so the  Meanwhile, animals are being seen
catch volume from the Sea of Japan has surged.
 Since 2006, catches landed along the coast of Wakasa Bay in and heard earlier.
Fukui and Kyoto prefectures now account for most of Japan’s
Spanish mackerel catch volume.  For example, the first warbler’s call
 On the other hand, the distribution of Japanese common
squid that hatch in an area between the southwestern Sea of
is being heard earlier in the year,
Japan and the East China Sea from September to December which shows that climate change is
and move north as they grow (i.e., the autumn spawning
group), has shifted northward due to the rise in the water causing shifts in the natural
temperature of the Sea of Japan, which now makes it difficult
for fishing grounds to form along the Honshu coast from
phenomena that have traditionally
summer to autumn when water temperatures are high. heralded the seasons in Japan.
 As a result, there are some areas were catches have declined
dramatically since the late 1990s.
SECTOR THAT IS AFFECTED BY
CLIMATE CHANGE
The agriculture sector in Japan is one of the sectors that
is affected by climate change. Japan's agriculture
industry faces a variety of challenges including rising
temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and an
increase in extreme weather events such as typhoons
and floods. These changes can affect crop yields, reduce
the quality of produce, and increase the risk of pests
and diseases. In addition, Japan's fishing industry is also
impacted by climate change as rising sea temperatures
can affect the distribution and availability of fish
species.