Name of the Presenters:

1. Andreana Puji Fatmala (0203521020)

2. Novia Setyana Khusnul K (0203521015)
 Unit 9
Sense Properties and
Stereotypes
 Definition of Sense Properties

Sense properties can be defined as sense or kinds of

meaning in the languages which contain some
agreement in meaning of language in used.

There are three important sense properties of sentence,

namely an analytic, synthetic, and contradictory
Sense Properties of Sentence

Analytical

Synthetic
Contradictory
 Analytic Sentence
An analytic sentence is one that is necessarily true, as a
result of the senses of the words in it
Therefore, analytic sentence reflects an unspoken
agreement by speakers of the language about the sense of
the words in it

Examples:
1. Elephants are animals
2. Cats are not fish
3. My brother is male
 Synthetic Sentence
A synthetic sentence is one which is not analytic, but may
be either true or false, depending on the way the world is.
In other words, synthetic sentences can be sometimes true,
sometimes false, depending on the circumstances.

Examples:
1. John’s brother is nine years old
2. My Brother is tall
3. Alice is Ken’s sister
Practice
Here are some more sentences. Circle A for analytic, or S for
synthetic, as appropriate. For some, you will have to imagine
relevant situations.
(1) John’s brother is nine years old A/S
(2) John’s nine-year-old brother is a boy A/S
(3) Sam’s wife is married A/S
(4) Sam’s wife is not German A/S
(5) My watch is slow A/S
(6) My watch is a device for telling the time A/S
 Contradiction
A contradiction is a sentence that is necessarily false, as a
result of the sense of the words in it.
Thus, a contradiction is in a way the opposite of an analytic
sentence.

Example:
1. This animal is a vegetable
2. The man is a woman
Circle the following sentences A for analytic, S for synthetic
or C for contradiction, as appropriate. For some you will
have to imagine relevant situations.
(1)That girl is her own mother’s mother A/S/C
(2) The boy is his own father’s son A/S/C
(3) Alice is Ken’s sister A/S/C
(4) Some typewriters are dusty A/S/C
(5) If it breaks, it breaks A/S/C
(6) John killed Bill, who remained alive for many years after
A/S/C
 Stereotypes

Stereotype is an oversimplified idea or image about certain

group or people that is widely accepted by others.

In social psychology, a stereotype is a thought that can be

adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways
of doing things. These thought or beliefs may or may not
accurately reflect reality.
 Examples of Stereotypes
In term of race:
1. All Chinese are good
at math and science.
2. Americans are free do
whatever they want.
3. Slanted eyes are
Chinese
In term of social affairs:
1. Punk is a person who has
a Mohawk or spike hair
style, wearing tattered
clothes and wearing
chains, creating problems
and hated by society
 Examples of Stereotypes

In term of job: In term of gender:

1. Women are all bad

1. Businessman are drivers
people in suit, neat 2. Men are untidy and
and always carry a disorganized.
briefcase or laptop.
 Unit 10
SENSE RELATIONS
IDENTITY AND SIMILARITY OF
SENSE
 What is SYNONIMY?

SYNONYMY is the relationship between two predicates

that have the same sense.

• In most dialects of English, stubborn and obstinate are

synonyms.
• In many dialects, brigand and bandit are synonyms.
• In many dialects, mercury and quicksilver are synonyms.
 Practice!
In the following sentences, do the capitalized pairs of words
have the same (or very nearly the same) sense in the ways
they are used here?

(1) The thief tried to CONCEAL/HIDE the evidence Yes/No

(2) I’m going to PURCHASE/BUY a new coat Yes/No
(3) These tomatoes are LARGE/RIPE Yes/No
Example:
How many kids have you got?
How many children have you got?

Here we would say that kids and children have the same sense,
although clearly they differ in style, or formality.

In the following sentences, do the pairs of words in capitals have

the same sense? (They do seem to differ in their dialectal, stylistic,
or social associations.) Circle S for ‘same’ or D for ‘different’.
(1) He comes to see us every FALL/AUTUMN S/D
(2) Nothing is more precious to us than our FREEDOM/LIBERTY S/D
(3) John got a bullet wound in his HEAD/GUTS S/D
 Synonymy is a relation between predicates, and not between
words (i.e. word-forms).

For example:
• hide1 could be the intransitive verb, as in Let’s hide from Mummy
• hide2 could be the transitive verb, as in Hide your sweeties under
the pillow
• hide3 could be the noun, as in We watched the birds from a hide
• hide4 could be the noun, as in The hide of an ox weighs 200 lbs.
 PARAPHRASE

A sentence which expresses the same proposition as another

sentence is a PARAPHRASE of that sentence (assuming the
same referents for any referring expressions involved).
Paraphrase is to SENTENCES (on individual interpretations)
as SYNONYMY is to PREDICATES (though some semanticists
talk loosely of synonymy in the case of sentences as well).

Look at the following pair of sentences, which are paraphrases

of each other.
(A) John sold the book to a grandson of W.B. Yeats
(B) A grandson of W.B. Yeats bought the book from John
 What is HYPONIMY?

HYPONYMY is a sense relation between predicates (or

sometimes longer phrases) such that the meaning of one
predicate (or phrase) is included in the meaning of the
other.

Example:
The meaning of red is included in the meaning of scarlet.
Red is the superordinate term; scarlet is a hyponym of red (scarlet is a
kind of red).
 ENTAILMENT

A proposition X ENTAILS a proposition Y if the truth of Y

follows necessarily from the truth of X. We extend this basic
definition in terms of propositions to cover SENTENCES in the
following way. A sentence expressing proposition X entails a
sentence expressing proposition Y if the truth of Y follows
necessarily from the truth of X.

Example:
• John ate all the kippers (X) entails Someone ate something (Y).
• John killed Bill (X) entails Bill died (Y).
 SUMMARY

• Hyponymy and synonymy are sense relations between

predicates.
• Entailment and paraphrase are sense relations between
sentences.
• The sense relations between predicates and those
between sentences are systematically connected by rules
such as the basic rule of sense inclusion.
• These sense relations are also systematically connected
with such sense properties of sentences as ANALYTICITY
and CONTRADICTION.