 Hypospadias

 Congenital deformity of ospenis

 Persistent penile frenulum
 Phimosis
 Congenital defect characterized by abnormal
termination of the urethra ventral and caudal
to the normal opening
 It results from a failure of fusion of the
urogenital folds and incomplete formation of
the penile urethra
 Hematuria
 Dysuria
 Urinary incontinence
 Scalding
 Scrotal or perineal urethrostomy
 Orchiectomy is recommended because these
dogs should not be used for breeding
 The epithelial surface of the penis and
prepuce are fused ventrally at birth and can
remain so until puberty
 If the frenulum is persistent, it can be incised
surgically, with minimal bleeding
 This condition occurs more commonly in
cocker spaniels, miniature poodles,
Pekingese and mixed-breed dogs
 Result in deviation of the penis
 Persistent exposure of the glans penis may
lead to desiccation, trauma and necrosis
 Severe deviations may require osteotomy
and stabilisation of the os penis or partial
penile amputation
 Inability to extrude the penis from the
prepuce, as a result of an abnormally small
preputial orifice
 It may be congenital (eg, in intersex states or
dogs with preputial stenosis), or acquired
secondary to inflammation, oedema,
infection, neoplasia or scar tissue formation
 Accompanied by a distended prepuce and the
inability to urinate normally
 Urinary retention results in balanoposthitis
 Phimosis impedes extrusion of the penis
during mating
 Surgical enlargement of the preputial orifice
and correction of the primary condition will
successfully alleviate the problem
 The prognosis after repair is good
 Paraphimosis
 Priapism
 Fracture of ospenis
 Trauma
 Neoplasia
 Inability to completely withdraw the penis
into the prepuce
 Abnormally small preputial orifice
 Ineffective preputial muscles, or a hypoplastic
prepuce
 Secondary to trauma
 Constriction of preputial hair around the
penis
 Neurological defects
 Vascular engorgement
 Epithelial drying
 Edema
 Inflammation
 Corporal thrombosis
 Delay of treatment will increase the risk of
urethral obstruction, ischaemic necrosis and
gangrene of the penis
 Replacing the penis in prepuce
 Preputiotomy
 Preputial lengthening (preputioplasty)
 Preputial muscle myorrhaphy (shortening of
the preputial muscles)
 Penile amputation with concurrent
urethrostomy
 Phallopexy
 Full-thickness dorsal or ventral linear incision
in the prepuce
 A permanent adhesion between the dorsal
surface of the penile shaft and the adjacent
surface of the preputial mucosa
 This technique eliminates the risk of
recurrent paraphimosis and subsequent
penile trauma
 Trauma
 Dysuria and haematuria
 Urethral obstruction may be present, caused
by displacement of the fragments or callus
formation
 Minimally displaced simple fractures do not
require immobilisation
 Urethral cathetrization
 Small bone plates
 In severe cases, partial penile amputation or
complete penile amputation with scrotal
urethrostomy
 Persistent erection of the penis not
associated with sexual excitement
 Spinal cord lesions
 Trauma during mating
 Genitourinary infection
Persistent pelvic nerve stimulation
 Constipation
 Thromboembolism of the cavernous venous
tissue at the base of the penis
 Therapy for narcolepsy
 Phenothiazine derivative drugs in stallions
Stagnation of blood with increased carbon dioxide
and low oxygen concentrations in the corpus
cavernosum penis

Edema with enhanced venous

obstruction

Irreversible fibrosis in the main venous

outflow tracts of the penis
 Resolves spontaneously
 Conservative treatment
 Identifying and eliminating the primary
cause
 If the underlying cause cannot be
eliminated, penile amputation and scrotal
urethrostomy may be indicated
 Intravenous benzotropine mesylate (0.015
mg/kg) administered within 6 hours after
the onset of priapism
 The penis of horses affected with priapism
should be bandaged against the abdomen
to prevent trauma to the exposed penile
and preputial integument
 Increasing venous outflow via drainage and
flushing of the cavernous tissues with
heparinized saline (0.9% NaCl) solution in
combination with infusion of phenylephrine
or epinephrine
 Lead to hematoma formation and
strangulation and extensive necrosis of the
penis
 Profuse hemorrhage and pain are the
predominant clinical signs
 Urethral obstruction and fractured os penis
can also be seen
 Minor lacerations should be managed as
open wounds
 Major lacerations or persistent hemorrhage
during excitement is treated by suturing the
tunica albuginea
 If penile necrosis occurs, however, partial or
complete amputation of the penis should be
performed
 Transmissible venereal tumors (TVTs) and
squamous cell carcinomas are the most
common neoplasms of the canine penis
 Others - fibromas, papillomas, and various
mesenchymal tumors
 Penile tumors usually affect older dogs
 TVTs occur in young (mean age, 4 to 5 years)
free-roaming dogs
 Preputial enlargement
 Serosanguineous or hemorrhagic preputial
discharge
 Licking of the penis and prepuce
 Hematuria
 Dysuria
 Urethral obstruction
 Physical examination
 Cytology of fine-needle aspirate
 Impression smear, incisional or excisional
biopsy, and histopathology
 Vincristine chemotherapy (0.5 to 0.7
mg/m2 or 0.025 mg/kg) IV in four to
eight weekly cycles) is very effective in
treating TVTs, even in dogs with metastatic
disease
 Myelosuppression

 Gastrointestinal effects resulting in

leukopenia and vomiting

 Paresis
 Local tissue necrosis
 Resistant cases can be treated with

doxorubicin (30 mg/m2, IV, with 3

applications every 21 days)
 Radiotherapy

 Surgical excision is not recommended for

TVTs because the recurrence rate is high

 Partial or complete penile amputation
combined with scrotal urethrostomy is
recommended for penile tumors, depending
on the location and type of tumor
 Perineal urethrostomy may also be used in
cases in which the tumor extends too far
proximal in the urethra
 Protrusion of the urethral mucosa from the tip of the penis
 Young intact male brachycephalic dogs and Yorkshire
terriers
 Sexual excitement or excessive straining
following urogenital tract infection
 Intermittent bleeding from the tip of the penis
 Surgical resection of the prolapsed mucosa plus
castration
 Persistent frenulum
 Fibropapilloma or warts
 Hair rings
 Preputial injury
 Haematoma of the penis
 Penile deviations
 Separation of the skin that connects the
penis to the prepuce begins around four
months of age in bull calves and should be
complete by one year of age
 Partial or complete failure of separation
results in an inability to extend the penis
 Transecting the tissue band, utilizing
hemostats or sutures if needed
 Common finding in young cattle under the
age of 24 months
 Bulls may present with either phimosis or
paraphimosis
 Careful surgical removal whether it be by
excision, cryotherapy, use of a laser, alone or
in conjunction with immunization
 Accumulation of hair during riding and the
continuous action of riding, extension and
retraction of the penis serves to create a tight
band of hair
 Removal and application of a suitable
ointment
 Polled breeds typically lack the preputial
retractor muscle
 Repositioning of prolapsed prepuce
 Circumcision or “reefing”
 Apply a tourniquet (one inch Penrose tubing)
proximal to the area to be transected
 The amount of prepuce to be resected is then
determined
 Two circumferential incisions are made.
 These incisions are joined with a longitudinal
incision
 The edges are sutured
 Most common injury of the penis
 Results due to rupture of the tunica albuginea
and the subsequent hemorrhage from the
corpus cavernosum
 Range in size from 15 to 30 cm
 The resultant swelling occurs in the sheath
over and cranial to the rudimentary teat
 Medical treatment consists of continuation of
antibiotics, hydrotherapy, and sexual rest
 Vertical incision 20-25 cm long is made just
cranial to the rudimentary teat
 Careful dissection, attention to hemostasis,
and manual removal of the blood clot follows
 Lavage with a warm saline povidone iodine
solution
 Once the tear or rent is identified, carefully
lavage the area again and debride the often
tattered edges of the rent
 Closure of the defect with polyglycolic acid
(PGA) in a bootlace pattern
 The elastic layers over the penis can be closed
with 3-0 chromic catgut in a simple
continuous pattern
 Subcutaneous tissues are closed with 0
chromic catgut and the skin can be closed
with 6 mm synthetic non-absorbable suture
material typically with aFord interlocking
pattern.
 Antibiotics are continued for five to seven
days.
 The bull should have 60-90 days of sexual rest
following surgery
 Spiral deviation (corkscrew) and ventral
deviation
 Result from abnormalities of the apical
ligament
 Amenable to surgical correction