Scalar and Vector ( Review and Necessary knowledge)

Scalars:
 A quantity only associates with magnitude (positive, zero or negative)
 Physical quantities specified by scalars : length, mass, energy,
density..

Vectors:
 A quantities require both a magnitude and a direction for its
complete description.
 Physical quantities specified by vectors: force, position, moment,
velocity …
 A vector is shown graphically by an arrow.
Length : magnitude of the vector,
Angle : direction of the vector,
Line of action, tail and head (tip) of the arrow
 In print, noted by letters such as A or , associated magnitude by
letter such as A.

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Vector Operation ( Review and Necessary knowledge)
Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar:
 Multiplying by a positive scalar  Increasing magnitude by that
amount.
 Multiplying by a negative scalar  also change the arrow to the
opposite direction.

Vector Addition: A+B=R or =

 use the parallelogram law of addition.

 Use the triangle rule

 Vector addition is commutative

A+B=B+A or =
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 A special case, A and B are collinear ( both have the same line of action)

Vector Subtraction: A-B=A+(-B)=R’ or ==

 use the parallelogram law of addition / triangle rule

Consine Law and Sine Law:

Given 1 angle and lengths of two sides of a triangle Calculate the other length (magnitude)
and angles of the triangle

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Free Vector: Free vector
Moment of couple can be
 An action is not confined to or associated with a unique line in moved to any location in a
space Ex: Movement of a body without rotation. body

Sliding Vector:
 has a unique line of action in space but not a unique point of
application
 Ex: External force on a rigid body
Sliding vector
 Principle of Transmissibility Two forces F and F9 are equivalent if they have
 Imp in Rigid Body Mechanics the same magnitude and direction and the same
line of action, even if they act at different points.

Fixed Vector:
 A unique point of application is specified
 Ex: Action of a force on deformable body or its complete
description.
Fixed vector
A unique point of application
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Vector Addition of Force:
 A force is a vector quantity (Magnitude,direction, point of application)
Resultant Force: FR=F1+F2
 Vector addition. Given F1 and F2, find FR

Component of a force:
 Resolve a force F into two components Fu & Fv along two direction u and v axes.
Given F, u and v , find Fu and Fv

Addition of Several Forces:

 Follow commutative law and association law

(F1+F2)+F3=F1+(F2+F3)= (F3+F1)+F2= FR
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Example:

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Example:

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 End of 3rd section
Cartesian Vector Notation (Two Dimensional
System):
 x-y Cartesian Coordinate system
i : Cartesian unit vectors in the x direction
j : Cartesian unit vectors in the y direction
unit vectors : magnitude of 1 u F
 F=Fx i + Fy j or F=Fcos i + Fsin j 𝜃
Direction unit vector : u= cos i + sin j
 F=F(cos i + sin j = Fu
Coplanar Force Resultants:
 First resolved into its x and y components
 Then the respective components are added using
scalar algebra

scalar notation: do it separately

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 components of the resultant force of any number of coplanar forces :

 Coplanar Force Resultants:

Magnitude of FR =>

Direction of FR =>

3 different way to define a vector in 2D Cartesian system Magnitude

⃗ ⃗
𝑉 =𝑉 ∙ 𝒖
Unit vector

⃗ ⃗ 𝐴 𝑦 ⃗𝑗
𝐴 𝐴𝑥 𝑖+
⃗𝑢= =
𝐴 √ 𝐴2 + 𝐴2
𝑥 𝑦

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Example End of 4th section

(344+300-716)
= 449

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Example

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Example

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Cartesian Vector (3D):
A vector is given by A=Ax + Ay + Az
Unit vector in x, y, z direction: i, j, k
So A can be written as i + j + k

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Magnitude of a Cartesian Vector:

Coordinate Direction Angles:

unit vector uA in the direction of A

uA
Unit vector in direction consine
uA
Also
+

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Transverse and Azmuth Angles
橫向和方位角 Addition of two in Cartesian components.

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 End of 6th section

Vector addoition

Component equal

Cartesian vector form

magnitude

Angle/direction

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Position Vector r : fixed vector
To locates a point in space relative to another point.

r = xi + yj + zk

Position Vector between two points :

Force Vector along a line

u is the unit vector u = r/r

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Example

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Example

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Dot Product : The dot product of two vectors A and B is defined as End of 8th section
The product of the magnitudes of A and B and the cosine of the angle between their tails

Position Vector between two points :

The angle formed between two
vectors or intersecting lines.
.
Cartesian Vector Formulation. The components of a vector parallel and perpendicular to
a line (projection of A onto the line)

The component of A that is perpendicular to line

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Example

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Example

2022-Statics Lecture 02 – Chapter 2 – Force Vectors

End of 9th section 24