Compass survey fundamentals

Unit 3:
Compass survey
Topics covered – Compass Surveying
Meridian & Bearing

 - true, magnetic and arbitrary
Traverse - closed, open.
System of bearing - whole circle bearing, Reduced bearing,
fore bearing, and back bearing, conversion from one system
to another. Angles from the bearing and vice versa.
Prismatic, Surveyor, Silva and Bronton (introduction) compass
Local attraction with numerical problems.
Plotting of compass survey (Parallel meridian method in
detail).
Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

computation 2
Definition
Limitation of chain surveying

Angle or direction measurement must
Azimuth, Bearing, interior angle, exterior angle, deflection
angle α
B ß
B γ
C
θ θ A
1800 + θ-ß D
C E Φ
A
B ß
α
γ
C 250 R
θ
A B
Φ 220 L
ß D C
E A
computation 3
Compass surveying
Compass used for measurement of direction of lines

Precision obtained from compass is very limited
Used for preliminary surveys, rough surveying

computation 4
5.1 Meridian, Bearing & Azimuths
Meridian: some reference direction based

on which direction of line is measured
 True meridian ( Constant)
 Magnetic meridian ( Changing)
 Arbitrary meridian
Bearing: Horizontal angle between the

meridian and one of the extremities of line
 True bearing
 Magnetic bearing Source: www.cyberphysics.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk
 Arbitrary bearing

computation 5
Contd…
True meridian
 Line passing through geographic north
and south pole and observer’s position
 Position is fixed Geographic
 Established by astronomical Observer’s north pole
observations position
 Used for large extent and accurate
survey (land boundary)
Geographic
north pole

computation 6
Contd…
Magnetic meridian
 Line passing through the direction shown by freely
suspended magnetic needle
 Affected by many things i.e. magnetic substances
 Position varies with time (why? not found yet)
Assumed meridian
 Line passing through the direction towards some
permanent point of reference
 Used for survey of limited extent
 Disadvantage
 Meridian can’t be re-established if points lost.

computation 7
Reduced bearing
N NΦE B
Either from north or south either
clockwise or anticlockwise as per
convenience
Value doesn’t exceed 900 W E
A
Denoted as N ΦE or S Φ W
The system of measuring this
S
bearing is known as Reduced N
Bearing System (RB System)
W E
A
B SΦW S
computation 8
Whole circle bearing (Azimuth)
Always clockwise either from N B

north or south end 450
Mostly from north end
Value varies from 00 – 3600 W E
The system of measuring this A
bearing is known as Whole S
Circle Bearing System (WCB N
System) B
3000
W E
A
Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse S

computation 9
5.2 Conversion from one system to other
N
Conversion of W.C.B. into R.B.
D
θ A Φ
W o E
ß
α B
C
S
Line W.C.B. between Rule for R.B. Quadrants
OA 00 and 900 R.B. = W.C.B. = θ NθE

OB 900 and 1800 R.B. = 1800 – W.C.B. = 1800 – Φ SΦE
OC 1800 and 2700 R.B. = W.C.B. – 1800 = α – 1800 SαE
OD 2700 and 3600 R.B. = 3600- W.C.B. = 3600- ß. SßE
computation 10
5.2 Conversion from one system to otherContd…
N
Conversion of R.B. into W.C.B.
D
ß θ A
W o E
Φ
α
B
C
S
Line R.B. Rule for W.C.B. W.C.B. between
OA NθE W.C.B. = R.B. 00 and 900
OB SΦE W.C.B. = 1800 – R.B. 900 and 1800
OC SαE W.C.B. = 1800 + R.B. 1800 and 2700
OD SßE W.C.B. = 3600- R.B. 2700and 3600

computation 11
5.2 Fore & back bearing
Each survey line has F.B. & B.B.

In case of line AB,
 F.B. is the bearing from A to B
 B.B. is the bearing from B to A
Relationship between F.B. & B.B. in W.C.B.
B.B. = F.B. ± 1800
Use + sign if F.B. < 1800 1800 + θ
C
ß
B
&
use – sign if F.B.>1 1800 θ ß - 1800
A D

computation 12
Contd…
5.2 Fore & back bearing
Relationship between F.B. & B.B. in R.B. system
B.B.=F.B.
Magnitude is same just the sign
changes i.e. cardinal points changes to
opposite.
B D
NΦE NßW
SΦW SßE
A C

computation 13
5.2 Calculation of angles from bearing and
vice versa
In W.C.B.system ( Angle from bearing)
 Easy & no mistake when diagram is drawn
 Use of relationship between F.B. & B.B.
 Knowledge of basic geometry
ß B
ß
Θ-1800 -ß θ
A
1800 + θ-ß
θ C
A
C

computation 14
5.2 Calculation of angles from bearing and
Contd…
vice versa
In R.B. system (Angle from Bearing)
 Easy & no mistake when diagram is drawn
 Knowledge of basic geometry
B
NθE
SθW SßE
1800-(θ+ß)
A
A Θ+ß C
SßE
C

computation 15
5.2 Calculation of bearing from angle
Normally in traverse, included angles are

measured
if that has to be plotted by co-ordinate methods,
we need to know the bearing of line
 Bearing of one line must be measured
 Play with the basic geometry
 Diagram is your good friend always
?
Ø
?
? ?

computation 16
Contd…
 =?
Bearing of line AB = θ1
Back Bearing of line AB = 1800 + θ1
 = 3600 – BB of line AB = 3600 -(1800 + θ1)
 is also = alternate angle of (1800 – θ1) = (1800 – θ1)
Fore Bearing of line BC =θ2 = α –  = α -[3600 –(1800 + θ1) ] = α+ θ1- 1800

computation 17
Contd…

=?
Bearing of line BC = θ2
Back Bearing of line BC = 1800 + θ2
 = 3600 – BB of line BC = 3600 -(1800 + θ2)
Fore Bearing of line CD = θ3 = ß –  = ß -[3600 –(1800 + θ2) ] = ß+ θ2- 1800

computation 18
Contd…
?

Bearing of line CD= θ3

Back Bearing of line CD? = 1800 + θ3
 = 3600 – BB of line CD = 3600 -(1800 + θ3)
Fore Bearing of line DE = θ4 = γ –  = γ -[3600 –(1800 + θ3) ] = γ+ θ3- 1800

computation 19
Contd…
Ø
=?
Bearing of line DE= θ4

Back Bearing of line DE = 1800 + θ4
Fore Bearing of line EF = θ5 = BB of line DE + Ø = 1800 + θ4 + Ø

computation 20
5.2 Numerical on angle & bearing
What would be the bearing of line FG if the following

angles and bearing of line AB were observed as
follows: (Angles were observed in clockwise
direction in traverse)
ABC = 1240 15’ BCD = 1560 30’ CDE = 1020 00’ DEF = 950 15’
EFG = 2150 45’ Bearing of line AB = 2410 30’

computation 21
ABC = 1240 15’ BCD = 1560 30’ CDE = 1020 00’ DEF = 950 15’
EFG = 2150 45’ Bearing of line AB = 2410 30’

G 2410 30’
A
? G
241 30’
0
1240 15’
A B
F
215 45’
0
2150 45’
1240 15’ E F
B 950 15’
1560 30’
C
950 15’
156 30’
0
102 00’
0
1020 00’ E
C D
D
computation 22
2410 30’ FB of line BC = (2410 30’- 1800) + 1240 15’ = 1850 45’
A
1240 15’
B
1850 45’
B
C
1560 30’
C
D FB of line CD = (1850 45’- 1800) + 1560 30’ = 1620 15’

computation 23
1620 15’ FB of line DE =1020 00’ - (1800- 1620 15’) = 840 15’
C F
E 950 15’
102 00’
0
840 15’ E
D
D
FB of line EF = (840 15’+1800) + 950 15’ = 3590 30’

computation 24
FB of line FG =2150 45’ - {1800+(BB of line EF)}

FB of line FG =2150 45’ - {(1800 +(00 30’)} = 350 15’
2410 30’
A
G
1240 15’
B
2150 45’
2150 45’ F
F 1560 30’
C
950 15’
1020 00’ E
359 30’
0
E D

computation 25
5.2 Numerical on angle & bearing Contd…
From the given data, compute the missing bearings

of lines in closed traverse ABCD.
B
Bearing of line AB = ? A= 810 16’
Bearing of line BC = ?
B= 360 42’
Bearing of line CD = N270 50’E
D= 2260 31’ A D
Bearing of line AB = ?

computation 26
For the figure shown, compute the following.

 The deflection angle at B
 The bearing of CD
 The north azimuth of DE
 The interior angle at E
 The interior angle at F
B
S5
50
0 0 7’ E 26
’E
41
N
C
A 790 16’
N120 58’W
D
S120 47’E
F E
S860 48’W

computation 27
Deflection Angle at B = 1800 - (410 07’+550 26’)

= 830 27’ R
B
S5
50
07
’E 26
’E
Bearing of line CD = 1800 - (790 16’+550 26’)
0
41
N
C = S450 18’ W
A 790 16’
North Azimuth of line DE = 1800 - 120 47’
= 1670 13’
N120 58’W
D Interior Angle E = 1800 – (120 47’ + 860 48’)

S1
= 800 25’
2
0
47
’E
F E Interior Angle F = (120 58’ + 860 48’)

S86 48’W
0
= 990 46’

computation 28
5.4 Error in compass survey (Local
attraction & observational error)
Local attraction is the influence that prevents magnetic
needle pointing to magnetic north pole
Unavoidable substance that affect are
 Magnetic ore
 Underground iron pipes
 High voltage transmission line
 Electric pole etc.
Influence caused by avoidable magnetic substance
doesn’t come under local attraction such as instrument,
watch wrist, key etc

computation 29
5.4 Local attractions
Let Station A be affected by local attraction

Observed bearing of AB = θ1
Computed angle B = 1800 + θ – ß would not be right.
B
ß
θ
θ1 C
A

computation 30
Detection of Local attraction

 By observing the both bearings of line (F.B. & B.B.) and noting
the difference (1800 in case of W.C.B. & equal magnitude in
case of R.B.)
 We confirm the local attraction only if the difference is not due
to observational errors.
If detected, that has to be eliminated
Two methods of elimination
 First method
 Second method

computation 31
First method
 Difference of B.B. & F.B. of each lines of traverse is checked to
not if they differ by correctly or not.
 The one having correct difference means that bearing
measured in those stations are free from local attraction
 Correction are accordingly applied to rest of station.
 If none of the lines have correct difference between F.B. &
B.B., the one with minimum error is balanced and repeat the
similar procedure.
 Diagram is good friend again to solve the numerical problem.
Pls. go through the numerical examples of your text book.

computation 32
Second method
 Based on the fact that the interior angle measured on the
affected station is right.
 All the interior angles are measured
 Check of interior angle – sum of interior angles = (2n-4) right
angle, where n is number of traverse side
 Errors are distributed and bearing of lines are calculated with
the corrected angles from the lines with unaffected station.
Pls. go through the numerical examples of your text book.

computation 33
5.5 Traverse, types, compass &
chain traversing
Traverse
 A control survey that consists of series of established stations
tied together by angle and distance
 Angles measured by compass/transits/ theodolites
 Distances measured by tape/EDM/Stadia/Subtense bar
D e1
E
c1
C
a1 c2
b2
A B b1
computation 34
5.5 Traverse, types, compass &
chain traversing
Use of traverse
 Locate details, topographic details B
 Lay out engineering works α
γ
C
θ
Types of Traverse A
Φ
 Open Traverse ß D
E
 Closed Traverse

computation 35
5.5 Types of traverse
Open traverse
 Geometrically don’t close
 No geometric verification
 Measuring technique must be refined
 Use – route survey (road, irrigation, coast line etc..)
250 R
B
220 L
C
A

computation 36
5.5 Types of traverse Contd…
Close traverse
 Geometrically close (begins and close at same point)-loop traverse
 Start from the points of known position and ends to the point of
known position – may not geometrically close – connecting traverse
 Can be geometrically verified
 Use – boundary survey, lake survey, forest survey etc..
B
250 R
α D
γ B 22 L
0
C
A θ C
Φ A Co-ordinate of A &D is already known
ß D
E

computation 37
5.5 Methods of traversing
Methods of traversing
 Chain traversing (Not chain surveying)
 Chain & compass traversing (Compass surveying)
 Transit tape traversing (Theodolite Surveying)
 Plane-table traversing (Plane Table Surveying)
B Aa22 + Aa12 - a2a12

cosA =
2×Aa2×Aa1
a2
c2
b2
A b1
a1 b2 b1 B c1
c1 C C
c2
A
D
computation 38
5.5 Methods of traversing Contd…
Chain & compass traversing

(Free or loose needle method)
 Bearing measured by compass & B
len
gth
distance measured by tape/chain
 Bearing is measured C
independently at each station A
 Not accurate as transit – tape
traversing
D
F E

computation 39
Transit tape traversing

 Traversing can be done in many ways by transit or
theodolite
 By observing bearing
 By observing interior angle
 By observing exterior angle
 By observing deflection angle

computation 40
By observing bearing
B
len
gth
C
A
F E

computation 41
By observing interior angle

 Always rotate the theodolite to
clockwise direction as the graduation F
of cirle increaes to clockwise len
gth
 Progress of work in anticlockwise
direction measures directly interior E
angle A
 Bearing of one line must be
measured if the traverse is to plot by
coordinate method D
B C

computation 42
By observing exterior angle

 Progress of work in clockwise
direction measures directly F
exterior angle len
gth
 Bearing of one line must be
measured if the traverse is to plot E
by coordinate method A
B C

computation 43
By observing deflection angle

 Angle made by survey line with prolongation of preceding line
 Should be recorded as right ( R ) or left ( L ) accordingly
250 R
B D
22 L
0
C
A

computation 44
5.5 Locating the details in traverse
By observing angle and distance from one station
By observing angles from two stations

computation 45
5.5 Locating the details in traverse
By observing distance from one station and angle from one
station
By observing distances from two points on traverse line

computation 46
5.5 Checks in traverse
Checks in closed Traverse

 Errors in traverse is contributed by both angle and distance
measurement
 Checks are available for angle measurement but
 There is no check for distance measurement
 For precise survey, distance is measured twice, reverse
direction second time

computation 47
5.5 Checks in traverse Contd…
Checks for angular error are available

 Interior angle, sum of interior angles = (2n-4) right angle,
where n is number of traverse side
 Exterior angle, sum of exterior angles = (2n+4) right angle,
where n is number of traverse side
B α
α
γ B
C γ
θ C
A θ
Φ A
ß D
D
E E
Φ
ß
computation 48
 Deflection angle – algebric sum of the deflection angle

should be 00 or 3600.
 Bearing – The fore bearing of the last line should be equal to
its back bearing ± 1800 measured at the initial station.
B
θ C
C
A A
D
E
ß should be = θ + 1800 ß

computation 49
Checks in open traverse

 No direct check of angular measurement is available
 Indirect checks
 Measure the bearing of line AD from A and bearing of DA from D
 Take the bearing to prominent points P & Q from consecutive
station and check in plotting.
D
E E
D
P
C
C
C
A B Q
D
A B
computation 50
E
5.6 Field work and field book
Field work consists of following steps

Steps
 Reconnaissance
 Marking and Fixing survey station
 First Compass traversing then only detailing
 Bearing measurement & distance measurement
 Bearing verification should be done if possible
 Details measurement
 Offsetting
 Bearing and distance
 Bearings from two points
 Bearing from one points and distance from other point
computation 51
Contd…
5.6 Field work and field book
Line Bearing Distance Remarks
Field book
AB
 Make a sketch of field AE
with all details and BA
BC
traverse in large size CB
CD
w1 DC
DE
ED
B EA
w2
Line Bearing Distance Remarks
A C Bw1
b1 b2 Cw2
Db2
b4 b3 Db3
D Eb4
E Eb1

computation 52
5.7 Computation & plotting
a traverse
Methods of plotting a
traverse
 Angle and distance method
 Coordinate method
A (300.000, 300.000)
LATITUDE AXIS
B(295.351, 429.986)
C (138.080, 446.580)
E (74.795, 49.239)
D (26.879, 353.448)
(0,0) DEPARTURE AXIS

computation 53
Contd…
a traverse
Angle and distance method
 Suitable for small survey
 Inferior quality in terms of accuracy of plotting
 Different methods under this
 By protractor
 By the tangent of angle
 By the chord of the angle

computation 54
Contd…
a traverse
By protractor
 Ordinary protractor with minimum graduation 10’ or 15’

computation 55
Contd…
a traverse
By the tangent of angle
 Trignometrical method
 Use the property of right angle triangle, perpendicular
=base × tanθ D
0 cm
n 60
a
A 600 ×t
m
5c
5c
m
D
B
P = b× tanθ
θ
A b B
computation 56
Contd…
a traverse
By the chord of the angle
 Geometrical method of laying off an angle
D
(2×5×sin 450/2)cm
D
B
450
5c Chord r’ = 2rsinθ/2
A m
θ θ/2 rsinθ/2
θ/2
A r B
computation 57
Contd…
a traverse
Coordinate method
 Survey station are plotted by their co-ordinates.
 Very accurate method of plotting
 Closing error is balanced prior to plotting-Biggest
advantage
D’ D
C
E
E’ D C’
C
E
B
A’ A
e’
B’
B
A
computation 58
Contd…
a traverse
What is co-ordinates
 Latitude
 Co-ordinate length parallel to meridian
 +ve for northing, -ve for southing
 Magnitude = length of line× cos(bearing angle) D = l×sinθ B
 Departure IV θ I
L = l×cosθ
 Co-ordinate length perpendicular to meridian ( +,-) (+,+)
l
 +ve for easting, -ve for westing
 Magnitude = length of line× sin(bearing angle)
A
III II
(-,-) (-, +)

computation 59
Contd…
a traverse
Consecutive co-ordinate
 Co-ordinate of points with reference to preceding point
 Equals to latitude or departure of line joining the preceding
point and point under consideration
 If length and bearing of line AB is l and θ, then consecutive
co-ordinates (latitude, departure) is given by
 Latitude co-ordinate of point B = l×cos θ
B
 Departure co-ordinate of point B = l×sin θ
θ
l

computation 60
Contd…
a traverse
Total co-ordinate
 Co-ordinate of points with reference to common origin
 Equals to algebric sum of latitudes or departures of lines between the
origin and the point
 The origin is chosen such that two reference axis pass through most
westerly
 If A is assumed to be origin, total co-ordinates (latitude, departure) of
point D is given by
 Latitude co-ordinate = (Latitude coordinate of A+ ∑latitude of AB, BC, CD)
 Departure co-ordinate = (Departure coordinate of A+ ∑Departure of AB,
BC, CD) B
C
A
D
computation 61
Contd…
a traverse
For a traverse to be closed
 Algebric sum of latitude and departure should be zero.
Dep. BC (-)
B Dep. AB (-)
Lat. AB(+)
Lat. BC(-)
Lat. DA(+)
D Dep. DA (+)
Lat. CD(+)
Dep. CD
C

computation 62
Contd…
a traverse
Dep. BC Dep. AB
Real fact is that there is
Lat. AB
B
always error A
Lat. BC
 Both angle & distance A’
Lat. DA’
 Traverse never close
 Error of closure can be D
Dep. DA’
computed mathematically C
Lat. CD
Dep. CD
A
Closing Error (A’A) =√(∑Lat2+ ∑dep2 ) θ ∑lat
Bearing of A’A = tan-1 ∑dep/∑lat

A’ ∑dep

computation 63
Contd…
a traverse
Error of closure is used to compute the accuracy ratio
 Accuracy ratio = e/P, where P is perimeter of traverse
 This fraction is expressed so that numerator is 1 and denominator
is rounded to closest of 100 units.
 This ratio determines the permissible value of error.
S.N. Types of traverse Permissible value of total linear

error of closure
4 Minor theodolite traverse for detailing 1 in 3,000
5 Compass traverse 1 in 300 to 1 in 600

computation 64
Contd…
a traverse
What to do if the accuracy ratio is unsatisfactory
than that required
 Double check all computation
 Double check all field book entries
 Compute the bearing of error of closure
 Check any traverse leg with similar bearing (±50)
 Remeasure the sides of traverse beginning with a
course having a similar bearing to the error of closure

computation 65
Contd…
a traverse
Balancing the traverse (Traverse adjustment)
 Applying the correction to latitude and departure so
that algebric sum is zero
Methods
 Compass rule (Bowditch)
 When both angle and distance are measured with same
precision
 Transit rule
 When angle are measured precisely than the length
 Graphical method

computation 66
Contd…
a traverse
Where Clat & Cdep are correction to
Bowditch rule latitude and departure
Clat = ∑L × l Cdep = ∑D × l
∑L = Algebric sum of latitude
∑l ∑l ∑D = Algebric sum of departure
l = length of traverse leg
∑l = Perimeter of traverse
Where Clat & Cdep are correction to
latitude and departure
Transit rule
∑L = Algebric sum of latitude
Clat Cdep = ∑D × D
= ∑L × L ∑D = Algebric sum of departure
LT ∑DT L = Latitude of traverse leg
LT = Arithmetic sum of Latitude
computation 67
Contd…
a traverse
Graphical rule D’
 Used for rough survey E’ D C’

 Graphical version of C
E
bowditch rule without
numerical computation A’
e’
B’
 Geometric closure should be B
A
satisfied before this.
d e a
b c e’
A B’ C’ D’ E’ A’

computation 68
5.7 Example of coordinate method
Plot the following compass traverse by coordinate

method in scale of 1cm = 20 m.
Line Length (m) Bearing
AB 130.00 S 880 E
BC 158.00 S 060 E
CD 145.00 S 400 W
DE 308.00 N 810 W A
EA 337.00 N 480 E B
C
E
D

computation 69
Step 1: calculate the latitude & departure coordinate length of

survey line and value of closing error
Line Bearing Length (m) Latitude co ordinate Departure Coordinate

AB S 880 E 130.00 -4.537 129.921
BC S 060 E 158.00 -157.134 16.515
CD S 400 W 145.00 -111.076 -93.204
DE N 810 W 308.00 48.182 -304.208
EA N 480 E 337.00 225.497 250.440
P = ∑l = 1078.00 m ∑L= 0.932 ∑D = - 0.536
Closing Error (e) =√ (∑L2+ ∑D2 )

Closing Error (e) = 1.675 m
computation 70
Step 2: calculate the ratio of error of closure and total

perimeter of traverse (Precision)
Precision = e/P = 1.675/1078 = 1/643 which is okey with reference to
permissible value (1 in 300 to 1 in 600)
Step 3: Calculate the correction for the latitude and departure

by Bowditch’s method
Clat(AB) = 0.932×130 Cdep(AB) = 0.536× 130
1078 1078
= - 0.112 = + 0.065

computation 71
Step 4: Apply the correction worked out (balancing the traverse)
Line Latitude Departure Correction Correction Corrected Corrected

coordinate coordinate to Latitude to Latitude Departure
Departure co ordinate Coordinate
AB -4.537 129.921 -0.112 +0.065 - 4.649 +129.986

BC -157.134 16.515 -0.137 +0.079 - 157.271 + 16.594
CD -111.076 -93.204 -0.125 +0.072 - 111.201 - 93.132
DE 48.182 -304.208 -0.226 +0.153 + 47.916 - 304.055
EA 225.497 250.440 -0.291 +0.168 +225.206 + 250.608
∑L= 0 ∑D = 0
computation 72
Step 5: Calculate the total coordinate of stations
Line Corrected Corrected Stations Total Latitude Total Departure
Latitude Departure Coordinate Coordinate
co ordinate Coordinate
A 300.000 300.000
AB - 4.649 +129.986 (assumed) (assumed)
B 295.351 429.986
BC - 157.271 + 16.594
C 138.080 446.580
CD - 111.201 - 93.132
D 26.879 353.448
DE + 47.916 -304.055
E 74.795 49.239
EA + 225.206 + 250.608
A 300.000 (CHECK) 300.00(CHECK)

computation 73
A (300.000, 300.000)
LATITUDE AXIS
B(295.351, 429.986)
C (138.080, 446.580)
E (74.795, 49.239)
D (26.879, 353.448)
(0,0) DEPARTURE AXIS

computation 74
Degree of accuracy in traversing
The angular error of closure in traverse is expressed as
equal to C√N
Where C varies from 15” to 1’ and N is the number of angle
measured
S.N. Types of traverse Angular Total linear
error of error of
closure closure
1 First order traverse for horizontal control 6”√N 1 in 25,000
2 Second order traverse for horizontal 15”√N 1 in 10,000
3 control 30”√N 1 in 5,000
Third order traverse for survey of
important boundaries
4 1’N 1 in 3,000
Minor theodolite traverse for detailing
5 15’√N 1 in 300 to 1 in
Compass traverse 600

computation 75
5.7 Tutorial
Plot the traverse by co-ordinate method, where observed data

are as follows
Interior angles B C
A = 1010 24’ 12”

B = 1490 13’ 12”
C = 800 58’ 42”
A D
D = 1160 19’ 12”
E = 920 04’ 42”
E
Side length
AB = 401.58’, BC = 382.20’, CD = 368.28’
DE = 579.03’, EA = 350.10’
Bearing of side AB = N 510 22’ 00” E (Allowable precision is 1/3000)
computation 76
computation 77

Compass survey fundamentals

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Unit 3:

Meridian & Bearing

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Limitation of chain surveying

Compass used for measurement of direction of lines

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Meridian: some reference direction based

Bearing: Horizontal angle between the

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Always clockwise either from N B

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse S

OA 00 and 900 R.B. = W.C.B. = θ NθE

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Each survey line has F.B. & B.B.

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Relationship between F.B. & B.B. in R.B. system

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Normally in traverse, included angles are

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Fore Bearing of line BC =θ2 = α –  = α -[3600 –(1800 + θ1) ] = α+ θ1- 1800

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Fore Bearing of line CD = θ3 = ß –  = ß -[3600 –(1800 + θ2) ] = ß+ θ2- 1800

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Bearing of line CD= θ3

Fore Bearing of line DE = θ4 = γ –  = γ -[3600 –(1800 + θ3) ] = γ+ θ3- 1800

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Bearing of line DE= θ4

Fore Bearing of line EF = θ5 = BB of line DE + Ø = 1800 + θ4 + Ø

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

What would be the bearing of line FG if the following

EFG = 2150 45’ Bearing of line AB = 2410 30’

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

EFG = 2150 45’ Bearing of line AB = 2410 30’

D FB of line CD = (1850 45’- 1800) + 1560 30’ = 1620 15’

FB of line EF = (840 15’+1800) + 950 15’ = 3590 30’

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

FB of line FG =2150 45’ - {1800+(BB of line EF)}

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

From the given data, compute the missing bearings

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

For the figure shown, compute the following.

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Deflection Angle at B = 1800 - (410 07’+550 26’)

D Interior Angle E = 1800 – (120 47’ + 860 48’)

F E Interior Angle F = (120 58’ + 860 48’)

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Let Station A be affected by local attraction

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Detection of Local attraction

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Pls. go through the numerical examples of your text book.

Pls. go through the numerical examples of your text book.

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse

B Aa22 + Aa12 - a2a12

Chain & compass traversing