Air Freight Forwarding

University of Politeknik
Negeri Batam
Study Guide, Definitions
and Notes
 DEFINITION

The activity of transporting passengers,

and or goods, and or animals, through a
water area (sea, rivers and lakes, crossings)
and certain territories (domestic or
foreign), using ships, for special and
general services.
 ADVANTAGES OF MARITIME
FREIGHT TRANSPORT

More affordable costs when
compared to rail, road, or
air transportation with less
maintenance costs
Environmentally friendly,
consuming less fuel makes
marine transportation preferable
for many organizations as carbon
footprint reduction becomes
increasingly important

Security assurance
as maritime security increases
and containers are being built to
be sealed and locked during
transit, cargo loss is significantly
reduced
 PROFIT OF SEA FREIGHT
TRANSPORTATION

Foreign trade contacts

Connecting global trade markets is an important part of
ocean shippingDuty and VAT reductions - these are much
cheaper as they are calculated as a percentage cost of the
total plus applicable export and import charges

Flexibility
smaller shipments can be organized in groups with other
cargoes, and bulk cargoes are fitted into single containers
 WEAKNESSES OF SEA
FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION

The main disadvantage is the time it takes to get the

cargo from one location to the next. It can take weeks
to deliver goods to the final destination. Delays and
obstacles in transit can be caused by adverse weather
conditions, which can result in damage to your
shipment. And basic freight rates are subject to change
due to fuel and currency surcharges.
 Ship Classification

Container Ship or container ship, if in

English (Cellular Ship):
a ship specially built to transport
containers or containers for standard sizes.
Function : The placement of containers is cellular with
a vertical frame. Ranging in size from
transports about 500 TEU to about 22,000 TEU.
containers and is
mobile with vertical

Container Ship
A merchant vessel designed to
transport unpackaged bulk
cargoes, such as coal and cement.
The advantages of this ship have
a large carrying capacity. Bulk
Carrier is a type of ship
that has the largest population

Fuction:
to transport goods such as
coal, cement, grains, metal
ores, and so on within
separate cargo cells/cavities.

(Bulk Carrier)
 s h ip s th a t can
Fuction : -R o s h ip s are o
Ro t w a l k i n t
d v e h i c l e s tha ive
Car carrier shi / Roll-on/ loa ir o w n d r
ip w it h the
roll-off (RoRo or ro-ro) the s h
y t h e m s e lves
c a n g e t o ut b ll
vessels are designed to carry and e c a l le d r o
e l l, so t h ey ar
wheeled cargoes such as as w i ps or
o ff s h
cars, trucks, semi-trailer on - roll s R o -Ro.
t e d a
trucks, trailers where the abbrevia
vehicle can enter and exit by
itself with the drive engine
on each vehicle.

Roro Ship
 LNG carriers are tank vessels
designed to transport liquefied
natural gas. Or a gas carrier based
on the gas being transported,
namely Liquid Natural Gas (LNG)
and Liquid Petrolium Gas (LPG).
Liquid Natural Gas Carrier (LNGC)
is a vessel used by the offshore oil
and gas industry to transport
liquefied natural gas.
Function :
transporting liquefied
natural gas

LNG Ship
Heave Lift
Ship

a ship designed to transport

goods that are supersized beyond the
the size that should be able to be
transported by ships in general. The
goods carried can be oil refinery
equipment or other large ships.
 Tanker Ship
at fu n c ti o ns
e o f t a n k e r th
A typ . T h e r e a re2
tra n s p o r t oi l k e rs,
to nspo r t ta n
o f o i l tr a
types / re fi n e d oil
e l y m a t u re
nam e r s a nd
t a n k
transport r t t a n k e r s.
e o il t ra n spo
crud e o i l c a r riers
e n e r a l ly , crud e ra lly
G e rs a r e g e n
o i l c a r r i
crude
a l l e r i n s ize.
sm
 LINER TERMS IN MARITIME
TRANSPORT

FILO (FREE IN LINER OUT)

Carrier has the responsibility
to deliver the goods on board
(excluding loading charges)
from the loading port to the
unloading port and unload
the goods until they are on
the yard at the unloading
port.
LIFO (LINER IN FREE OUT)
The carrier has the
responsibility to load the
goods from the yard at the
loading port and deliver the
goods to the unloading port
but does not bear the cost of
unloading the goods.
 LINER TERMS IN MARITIME
TRANSPORT

FIOST/FIOS (FREE IN & OUT

FLT (FULL LINER TERMS)
STOWAGE AND TRIMMED)
Carriers have the
The carrier is only responsible
responsibility to load goods
for delivering the goods on
from the dock to the ship,
board from the port of
deliver the goods from the
loading to the port of
loading port to the unloading
unloading and does not bear
port and unload the goods to
the cost of loading and
the destination dock.
unloading the goods.
 PATTERN SHIPMENT

LINER BREAKBULK
a ship's travel pattern that
follows a fixed route at a
scheduled time. Breakbulk liners
usually apply to container ships
and the port routes are always
the same from time to time,
both for loading and unloading
ports.
TRAMPER KAPAL BREAKBULK
(SPEACIALY NON KONTAINER)
the pattern of ship travel through
routes that tend to be not fixed
or based on certain spots to
other spots that have prospects
for goods or cargo to be
transported.
 PATTERN SHIPMENT

SEMI LINER
a combined liner and tramper voyage pattern that has
the same fixed route as a liner but in practice it is
possible to do a non-fixed tramping pattern when it is
profitable and when the trip is complete it will return to
the original liner pattern.
 LOAD HANDLING

FCL (FULL CONTAINER LOAD)

A container transportation service where the owner's goods are in
one full container, without having to mix with other people's goods.
They or the shippers rent a full container for their goods.
Pros:
The customer can rent a full container, so the goods will not be
mixed with other people's goods, the risk of damage to the finished
goods is less, there is no need to wait for the container to fill up and
of course the delivery will be faster and more efficient without
having to wait until the container is full.
Disadvantages:
The cost rate is significantly higher than other methods, and there is
no cubication fee.
 LOAD HANDLING

LCL (LESS CONTAINER LOAD)

less container load. In this method, you don't have to rent a
container, but simply pay for the load of goods based on the
cubication count.
Pros:
Shippers do not need to rent a full container, can reduce shipping
costs, and the rates are based on cubication.
Disadvantages:
shipping takes a long time due to complicated inspection
procedures.
 LOAD HANDLING

HOOK TO HOOK
The shipping line price includes loading
the goods onto the ship and unloading
the goods at the port. It also includes
the cost of transporting the goods
between the port of origin and
destination

WEIGHT OF MEASURE (W/M)

To promote uniformity in national and international legal
metrology laws, regulations, standards, test procedures, and
enforcement practices to ensure traceability of measurements
to SIs and to enhance consumer protection, foster fair
competition, and facilitate economic growth and trade.
 LOAD HANDLING

Stackbel cargo
Cargo carrying Stackable pallets are considered as pallets,
whose boxes are shipped as one shipment together,
stacked on top of each other on a pallet and the carrier
can place another pallet on top. Stackable pallets are
designed to maintain maximum stability therefore, there
is less chance of sudden loss of packages.

Stowage Plan
Plan guide for loading
and unloading for
operators
 LOAD HANDLING

Lost Slots
Loss of shipping space, for example, sending 3 containers
but only 2 containers are loaded. Then they lose the
revenue from 1 container. This loss of space caused to
the shipping line by OOG cargo is called LOST SLOT. Since
they lost this 1 slot, of course the shipping line has to
charge the shipper of this OOG cargo for this lost slot
because they lost revenue

Port Rotation
The reversal of the port rotation direction of the ship
route is a practical change of the container ship
shipping network. The direction of port rotation of ship
routes affects not only the transit time of containers,
as has been recognized by the literature, but also the
shipping capacity and transshipment cost.
 LOAD HANDLING

TEU
Loss of shipping space, for example, sending 3
containers but only 2 containers are loaded. Then they
lose the revenue from 1 container. This loss of space
caused to the shipping line by OOG cargo is called LOST
SLOT. Since they lost this 1 slot, of course the shipping
line has to charge the shipper of this OOG cargo for this
lost slot because they lost revenue

FEU
FEU (forty-foot equivalent unit) is a measure of volume in
units of 40-foot containers. For example, "My company
moves 500 FEU from Shanghai to Los Angeles every year."
One 40-foot container is equal to FEU, or two 20' containers
are equal to FEU.