Industrial Training Report

Industrial training report – GILLCO Developers & Builders Pvt. Ltd.
(14BCE1109)
CHAPTER NO.-1
THE ORGANIZATION
About GILLCO GROUP

Discover a paradise life on 400 acres of prime land. Perched atop a strong foundation of
trust and admiration, Gillco shares an expensive and strenuous profession of providing people
with
homes of their dreams.Homes that sail past the contemporary norms of luxury and
opulence and showcase beautifully contrived elements to address every moment of your
esteemed lives.
Gillco Valley, Sector 127 & 115,Mohali,is a large township project on 400 acres of prime
land where every moment has a fresh breath of ingenuity and felicity. Unique in many aspects,
the township offers choices, qualities and value for
money.
The Planning has led to execution. And a large number of families have already moved in,
living happily in the township.
About Us - Vision & Mission
Gillco Group is built on values of trust and experience. We take pride in putting our
customer before us. This has not only helped us in making a strong footing in the real estate
market but has also helped us maintaining an ever increasing customer base.
OUR VISION is to create one of the largest and efficient real estate companies in the
nation, based on our expertise, enterprise, experience, endurance, extensivity and exclusivity.
To be of service to the real estate buyers and to help them buy a home within a very limited
time period at the most reasonable prices and maintaining the quality that is expected in this
new India. And at the same time setting the highest professional and ethical standards among
real estate promoters.
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Industrial training report – GILLCO Developers & Builders Pvt. Ltd. (14BCE1109)
OUR MISSION is to give you the best price possible for your dream house by using proven
methods, our fullest energies and our dedication to customer satisfaction. We also pride
ourselves for maintaining transparence in all our workings and dealings thereby increasing our
trust base and also our reliability in the long term business of real estate. We wish to offer a
win-win offer for all our clients by adopting innovativeness in approach and freshness in
outlook.
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CHAPTER NO.-2
TRAINING PROFILE
Objective of training
Training represents an important experience to achieve
following goals:
1) Application of the knowledge acquired during

university years.
2) To get a sense of practical environment.
3) Submersion into the professional world of a company.
4) Bring to life the importance of group work.
5) Acknowledge the goals set by company in its process.
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Training profile
Introduction: The building is defined as any structure what so ever purpose and of whatsoever
materials constructed and ever part thereof whether used as human habitation or not.
For this practical training, I reported at Gillco valley, at construction of Gillco Parkhills,
Residential Buildings, I have reported to Gillco Developers & Builders Pvt. Ltd. at Gillco Valley,
furthers ordered me to join project site. The Site in-charge Er. Kamal Sharma meet me at the site
and gives me brief introduction of this project as under.
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his
efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides
being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant
living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient
location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.
 A Peaceful environment.
 Safety from all natural source & climate conditions.
 General facilities for community of his residential area.
The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building by laws,
environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration,
ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.
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Details of project:
The project is construction of residential apartements named with GILLCO PARKHILLS. The
apartments are 2BHK, 3BHK and 4BHK. The GILLCO PARKHILLS is situated at Airport
Road,Mohali.
Features of GILLCO PARKHILLS
Robust 1 km Frontage
No other residential address in the city can boast of the robust 1 KM frontage because of the fact
that Gillco Parkhills is situated right beside the 200 Ft. wide Airport road, giving it a strategic
location advantage. Travelling to the International Airport at Mohali would be an easy breeze and
will also ensure a smoother connectivity to Chandigarh and the neighboring landmarks.
Neighborhood conveniences
There is nothing more important than a convenient and an easy life. Everywhere you look, you
desire convenience. Gillco Parkhills is located strategically in the heart of Mohali and is well
connected to North Country Mall where you can shop your heart out, enjoy your favorite movies
and do much more. The airport and the major hospitals like Fortis, MAX are minutes away. There
are plenty of options of world class schools and colleges as well.
Compelling outdoor
Every element of architecture has been meticulously designed to exude style. With a perfect blend
of beautiful architecture and the Lush green lawns, magnificent landscapes, flowers and trees
complemented by chirping sounds of birds, our high rise towers offer a breathtaking view of the
Shivalik Hills and your heart will just swell with awe at the stupendous view of the city below.
Stylish & Functional Indoors
Style is what defines Gillco Parkhills, every space at our high rise towers has been designed and
created for a style appeal and a functional use. The use of space has been maximized and the
beautiful finishing to the floors and wooden elements will make your home stand out.
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Site location
Gillco Parkhills is situated right beside the 200 Ft. wide Airport road. . Gillco Parkhills is located
strategically in the heart of Mohali and is well connected to North Country Mall.
Facilities
Life is not just about work but also about a bit of fun and leisure. The Club at Gillco Parkhills is a
perfect setting for socialising and creatively stimulating your minds. It is the ultimate space to
relax and mingle. Appreciate opulent decor, fine dining and events at The Club, always abuzz
with activity. Enjoy a splash in the pool, sweat it out in a fully equipped modern gym or simply
hang out and talk. There's something for everyone to do at the Club, a place where everyone gets
together as a community and creates that special WE time.
 Elite Club House
 Swimming Pool
 Well-equipped Gymnasium
 Tennis Court
 Badminton Court
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 Indoor Games
 Spa with Steam Sauna & Jacuzzi
 Fountains & Water Features
 Landscaped Garden with Gazebo
Specifications
 Semi Furnished Ultra Luxury AC Apartments
 Wooden Tiles in Master Bedroom
 Cable TV/Telephone/Broadband Points in Living and Bedrooms
 Kitchen Equipped with Sink & Chimney
 Provision for Water Purifier and Geyser in Kitchen
 2 Lifts - 1 Passengers and 1 Service
 Video Door Phone
 24 Hours Security with Intercom System
 Advance fire systems for safety
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Layout plan
Layout plan for 2BHK
Super Area - 1075 sq.ft.

Built-Up Area - 913 sq.ft.
Carpet Area - 714 sq.ft
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Layout plan for 3BHK

Super Area - 1420 sq.ft.
Built-Up Area - 1182 sq.ft.
Carpet Area - 940 sq.ft.
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EXCAVATION CONSTRUCTION
What is excavation construction?
Excavation is the process of moving earth,rock or materials with tools, equipment or explosives.
It includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling and underground. Excavation has a
number of important applications including exploration, environmental restoration ,mining and
construction. Among these construction is one of the most common applications for excavation.
Excavation is used in construction to create building foundation, Reservoirs and roads. Some of
the different processes used in excavation include trenching, digging, dredging, and site
development. Each of the processes requires unique techniques tools and machinery to get the job
done right. The processes used will depend upon the structure that will result from the
construction process.
How does the process work ?

Before the excavation process can begin, the site must be carefully examined to make sure that
the natural habitat and artifacts surrounding it preserved throughout excavation. Next, the plans
for the size and depth of the site are made and the excavation company make drawings from
them to clearly mark the excavation site’s boundaries. Once these two important steps have been
taken, the excavation work can begin. The entire excavation process includes:
 Setting out corner benchmarks
 Surveying ground and top levels
 Excavation to the approved depth
 Dressing the loose soil
 Making up to cut off level
 The construction of dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches
 Making boundaries of the building
 The construction of protection bunds and drains
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BUILDING MATERIAL: CEMENT
The cement often called the magic power is a fine ground material consisting of compound of
lime, silica alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms a paste which hardened and bind
the aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock, etc.) together to form a durable mass called the
Concrete. Cement is the binder that holds concrete and mortars together. Which is why it
play the most critical role in giving strength and durability to your building. Cement uses for
domestic building such as home are basically of three types.
 Portland Slag Cement: Portland slag cement (PSC) conforming to IS: 455 A combination
of good quality blast furnace slag (from the iron steel industry) with clinker (which makes
the OPC) and gypsum.
 Portland Pozzolana Cement: Portland Pozzolana cement (PCC) conforming to
IS: 1489. A combination of fly-ash (from thermal power plant) with clinker and gypsum.
Pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding Portland cement clinker with Pozzolana. This
type of cement is largely used in marine structure.
 Ordinary Portland Cement: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 33 grade conforming to IS:
269, 43 grade conforming to IS: 8112 and 53 grade conforming to IS: 12269. A
combination of clinker and gypsum of good quality. Ordinary Portland cement is
manufactured by first burning at a very high temperature the mixture of calcareous
(mainly calcium carbonate) and argillaceous (mainly clay) and then grinding the calcined
product (i.e. Clinker) with small amount of gypsum in to a fine power known as ordinary
Portland cement.
Good quality cement has the following features:
 Reduced water requirement,

 Improve Workability,
 Less permissible to moisture,
 Improved resistance to acid and chlorides,
 Reduced heat of hydration,
 Easier to finish Reduced shrinkage,
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TESTING OF CEMENT IN FIELD
Checking of cement is an essential part of civil engineering as the life of structure is dependent on
the quality of material used. Following are the tests to be conducted to judge the quality of
cement.
 Fineness
 Soundness
 Consistency
 Initial and final setting time of cement
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PORTLAND CEMENT
Portland cement is made up of four main compounds : tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate,
tricalcium aluminate and a tetra calcium aluminoferrite. In an abbreviated notation differing from
the normal atomic symbols, these compounds are designated as C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF,
where C stands for calcium oxide( lime), S for silica, A for alumina, and F for iron oxide. Small
amounts of uncombined lime and magnesia also are present, along with alkalis and minor
amounts of other elements.
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BUILDING MATERIAL: AGGREGATES

AGGREGATE is a Broad Category of coarse Particulate Material used in construction, including
Sand, Gravel, Crushed Stone, Slag, Recycled Concrete and geosynthetic aggregates are the most
mined material in the world. Aggregates are the most mined material in the world. Aggregates are
a component of composite materials such as concrete and asphalt concrete: the aggregates serve
as reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively High
Hydraulic conductivity value as compared to most soils, Aggregates are widely used in drainage
applications such as foundation and French drains, septic drain fields, retaining wall drains, and
road side edge drains. Aggregates are also used as base material under foundation, roads, and
railroads. In other words, aggregates are used as a stable foundation or road/rail base with
Predictable. Uniform properties (e.g. to help prevent Differential Setting Under the road or
Building), Or as a low cost extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form
concrete.
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BUILDING MATERIAL: SAND
These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded, angular, sub angular or flat
fragments of more or less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of 90% of particles of size greater
than 0.06 mm and less than 2 mm. Alternatively, these are coarse grained cohesion less particles
of silica derived from the disintegration of rock.
These are of three types:
 Coarse sand: It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6 mm and
less than 2 mm.
 Medium sand: It is one, which contains 90 & of particles of particles size greater than 0.2
mm and less than 0.6 mm.
 Fine sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and
less than 0.2 mm.
Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability and performance of concrete mixture. It
should be:
 Clear, angular and hard

 Free from clay, mica and soft, flaky material
 Graded, which means it should be a mix of fine, medium and coarse sand
 Free from contaminates like sea salt
 Consistent in moisture (water) content which should not exceed 7%.
 When mixing concrete the moisture content must be taken in to consideration.
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The price of sand includes three or four components- base cost, transportation, handling and
number of Intermediaries. Procuring sand in bulk directly from the source will be cheaper. Your
neighbourhood dealer in this case is likely to be costlier, except when you need smaller quantities.
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BUILDING MATERIAL: COARSE AGGREGATE
Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive) material, which
when bounded together by cement, form concrete. Most aggregates used in this country are
naturally occurring aggregates such as Sand, crushed rock and gravel.
Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories:
 Coarse Aggregates: Most of which passes through 63 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 4.75
micron.
 All in Aggregate: Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or riverbed. It is sometimes
used for unimportant work without separating into different sizes.
Properties of Natural Aggregates: The properties should comply with the norms laid down in
IS: 38-1970 specification for C.A. and F.A. from natural sources for concrete. Aggregates
should be chemically inert, strong, hard, durable, of limited porosity (water absorption when
immersed in water for 24 hours should not be more than 10%.), free from adherent coating, clay
lumps, coal and coal residues and should contain no organic or other admixture that may cause
corrosion of the reinforcement or impair the strength or durability of the concrete. The shape
(rounded, irregular, angular and flaky) and sizes of the aggregates should conform to the strength
and workability requirements.
Uses of the Aggregates:
1. Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates can be used for

producing any type of good concrete or R.C.C. for construction purpose.
2. Broken brick aggregates is used to produce plain concrete but not suitable
for R.C.C. which is lighter than broken stone aggregate.
3. Air- cooled blast furnace slag, which is a by- product in the process of pig iron,
forms a stronger and durable concrete when mixed with sand, and has a high fire
resistance.
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STEEL BARS
Reinforcing steel, reinforcement steel, rod, a deformed bar is a common steel bar, and is
commonly used as a tensioning device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures
holding the concrete in compression. It is usually formed from carbon steel, and is given ridge for
better mechanical anchoring into the concrete.
Use in concrete masonry
Concrete is a material that is very strong in compression, but relatively weak in tension. To
compensate for this imbalance in concrete’s behavior, rebar is cast into it to carry the tensile
loads. For this purpose, the steel reinforcement of a concrete structure is, conceptual, dived into
two types of reinforcement: primary reinforcement and secondary reinforcement. Primary
reinforcement refers to the reinforcement steel which is employed specifically to guarantee the
necessary resistance needed by the structure to support the design loads. Secondary
reinforcement also known as distribution reinforcement, is employed for the durability and
aesthetic reasons, by providing enough localized resistance to limit cracking and resist stresses
caused by effects such as temperature changes and shrinkage, it is also employed to confer
resistance to concentrated loads by providing enough localized resistance and stiffness for a load
to spread through a wider area.
Masonry structures are the mortar holding them together have similar properties to concrete and
also have a limited ability to carry tensile loads. Some structural masonry units like blocks and
bricks are made with strategically placed voids to accommodate rebar, which is the secured in
place with grout. This combination is known as reinforced masonry.
While any material with sufficient tensile strength could conceivably be used to reinforce
concrete, concrete and cement have similar coefficients of thermal expansion, a concrete
structural member reinforced with steel will experience minimal stresses as a result of differential
expansions of the two interconnected materials caused by temperature changes.
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BENT UP BARS
Why bent up bars are provided in beams?
It is actually economization of material. Normally, for fixed ended beams positive (sagging)
moments are present at the mid span and negative (hogging) moments at the supports. So bottom
steel is required at the min. span and top steel resists negative moments at the supports. A bent-up
is provided to take the steel on the top at supports as bottom steel Is not normally required at the
supports (only nominal steel is sufficient).
STIRRUPS
A stirrup is a closed loop of reinforcement bar that are used to hold the main reinforcement bars
together in any RCC structure. In a column, the stirrups provide the lateral support to the main
bars against buckling. When used in beams a stirrup is termed as shear or transverse
reinforcement since it withstands the shear force in such a case stirrups can be of various shapes
depending upon the size and shape of the load bearing member e.g. Circular, polygon, a U-stirrup
or a cross tie. However the most commonly used shaped in normal construction is a rectangular
or a square one. The ends of the stirrups should be ideally locked together in the shape of a hook
for better unitization of concrete core with main bars. This ensures that a closed stirrup does not
open up under any lateral or shear forces. Traditionally, in India the stirrups are made normally at
the construction site by the bars benders using rudimentary practices. In most cases, such stirrups
do not comply with the prescribed standards. Besides dimensional inaccuracies, this can lead to
improper locking of the ends thereby increasing the chances of failure during earthquake. Such a
manual practice of making stirrups, besides leading to wastages, also taken more time as well as
needs more spaces at the site.
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LINKS & TIES
Overlapping in Steel Bars in Reinforced Cement Concrete
There should be no joints in steel bars used for RCC work. If it is necessary to use small length
steel bars, proper overlap should be given. The joint of bars should be welded in case the
diameter of bar is more than 36mm. Overlapping of bars should not touch each other and they
should be kept apart. Where it is not possible, overlapping bars should be bounded together at
intervals not exceeding twice the diameter of such bars with two strands of steel wires trusted
tight. The overlap should be staggered for different bars. The length of overlap should not be less
than 50 times the diameter of the steel bars.
Precautions while Bending and Placing Steel Bars in RCC Work.
 Steel bars are clear, free from loose mil scales, dust, loose rust and oily materials.
 The bars used at site are manufactured from reputed brand and have a full length.
 Use full length steel bars in beams, slabs etc. if not possible, proper overlap should be
given in steel bar and overlap should be staggered.
 Tor, ribbed and twisted steel bars are used as they have more tensile stresses. Also they are
economical and have more strength in cement concrete.
 The bars should be in full length according to the design.
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 Proper sizes/ height of crank bars are given in slab and beams etc.
 Proper supports under crank bars of beams and slabs must be given.
 Steel bars are not distributed while lying cement concrete.
 If steel bars are more in numbers in beams, the bars are placed in two layers by giving
spacer between the layers.
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BUILDING MATERIAL: AAC BLOCKS

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), also known as autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC). AAC is
a highly thermally insulating concrete-based material used for both internal and external
construction. Besides AAC's insulating capability, one of its advantages in construction is its
quick and easy installation, because the material can be routed, sanded, or cut to size on site
using standard carbon steel power tools.
AAC is well suited for urban areas with high rise buildings and those with high temperature
variations. Due to its lower density, high rise buildings constructed using AAC require less steel
and concrete for structural members. The requirement of mortar for laying of AAC blocks is
reduced due to the lower number of joints. Similarly, the material required for rendering is also
lower due to the dimensional accuracy of AAC. The increased thermal efficiency of AAC makes
it suitable for use in areas with extreme temperatures, as it eliminates the need for separate
materials for construction and insulation, leading to faster construction and cost savings.
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BUILDING MATERIAL: WATER

Water is one of the most important elements in construction but people still ignore quality aspect
of this element. The water is required for preparation of mortar, mixing of cement concrete and
for curing work etc. during construction work. The quality and quantity of water has much effect
on the strength of mortar and cement concrete in construction work.
Quality of Water
The water used for mixing and curing should be clean and free from injurious quantities of
alkalis, acid, oils, salt, sugar, organic materials, vegetable growth and other substances that may
be deleterious to bricks, stone, concrete or steel. Potable water is generally considered
satisfactory for mixing. The pH value of water should be not less than 6.
Effects of Bad Quality Water on Cement Concrete
It has been observed that certain common impurities in water affect the quality of mortar or
concrete. Many times in spite of using best material i.e. cement, coarse sand, coarse aggregate etc.
in cement concrete, required results are not achieved. Most of Engineers/Contractors think that
there is something wrong in cement, but they do not consider quality of water being used. Some
bad effects of water containing impurities are following.
 Presence of salt in water such as Calcium Chloride, Iron Salts, inorganic salts and sodium
etc. are so dangerous that they reduce initial strength of concrete and in some cases no
strength can be achieved. There is rusting problem in steel provided in RCC.
 Presence of acid, alkali, industrial waste, sanitary sewage and water with sugar also reduce
the strength of concrete.
 Presence of silt or suspended particle in water has adverse effect on strength of concrete.
 Presence of oil such as linseed oil, vegetable oil or mineral oil in water above 2 % reduces
the strength of concrete up to 25 %.
 Presence of algae/vegetable growth in water used for mixing in cement concrete reduce of
the strength of concrete considerably and also reduce the bond between cement paste and
aggregate.
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CONCRETE
Concrete is an intimate mixture of
1. Cement,
2. Sand (Fine Aggregate),
3. Course Aggregate,
4. Water.
 New Generation Concrete needs use of special material in addition to above i.e.
“ADMIXTURES”
 Admixture may be Mineral or Chemical Admixtures.
 Requirements of Good Concrete

 Fulfil durability requirements to resist the environment in which the strength is expected
to serve.
 Be mix transported and efficiently as possible.
 Be mix economical.
 Meet the strength as measured by compressive strength.
Concrete Durability
 Durability of concrete is the ability of concrete to with stand harmful effects of

environment to which it will be subjected to, during its service life, without undergoing
into deterioration beyond acceptable limits.
 Durability can be assured keeping in view the environment exposure of structure, certain
minimum cement binder content, max limit on w/c ratio and certain minimum grade of
concrete for that particular exposure.
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Making Durable Concrete
 Lowering the porosity and permeability of concrete is only way to reduce environment
attack on concrete.
 Dense and compact concrete that prevents the ingress of harmful is the key to
“DURABILE CONCRETE”.
Making Good Concrete
Making good concrete involves:
1. Good quality raw materials,

2. Proportioning of materials,
3. Mixing,
4. Transporting,
5. Placing,
6. Compaction
7. Curing.
Curing of Concrete
Curing can be defined as keeping the concrete moist and warm enough so that hydration of
cement can continue. It is process of maintaining satisfactory moisture content and favorable
temperature of concrete, during the period immediately after placing, so that hydration of cement
continues unit the desired properties develop to desired degree.
Method of Curing: Water curing.
This is the best method of curing; Water curing can be done in the following ways:
 Immersion
 Pounding
 Spraying and wet covering
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VARIOUS TEST PERFORMED
Various tests on concrete
Concrete slump test: The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures the workability of
fresh concrete. More specifically, it measures the consistency of concrete in that specific batch.
This test is performed to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. Consistency is a term
very closely related to workability. It is a term which describes the state of fresh concrete. It refers
to ease with which the concrete flows. It is used to indicate the degree of wetness. Workability of
concrete is mainly affected by consistency between individual batches.
The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. Unfortunately,
the Simplicity of the test often allows a wide variability in manner that the test is performed. The
slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different batches of similar concrete under field
conditions and to ascertain the effects of plasticizers on their introduction. In India this test is
conducted as per IS specification.
Procedure:
The test is carried out using a mold known as a slump cone. The cone is placed on a hard non-
absorbent surface. This concrete is filled with fresh concrete in three stages, each time is tamped
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using a rod of standard dimensions. At the end of the third stage, concrete is struck off flush to
the top of the mold. The mold is carefully lifted vertically upwards, so as not to disturb the
concrete cone. Concrete subsides. This subsidence is termed as slump, and is measured in to
nearest 5 mm.
Results:
The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped concrete, the
slump is termed as true slump, shear slump or collapse slump. If a shear or collapse slump is
achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test repeated. A collapse slump is an indication
of too wet a mix. Only a true slump is of any use in the test. A collapse slump will generally
mean that the mix is too wet or that it is a high work ability mix, for which slump test is not
appropriate. Very dry mixes; having slump 0 – 25 mm are used in road making, low workability
mixes; having slump 10 – 40 mm are used for foundations with light reinforcement, medium
workability mixes; 50 – 90 for normal reinforced concrete placed with vibration, high
workability concrete; > 100 mm.
Collapse Shear True

In a collapse slump the In a shear slump the top In a true slump the concrete
concrete collapses portion of the concrete shears simply subsides, keeping
completely. off and slips sideways. more or less to shape.
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Compressive Strength
It is defined as the load which causes the failure of specimen, per unit area of cross-section. It is
expressed in N/mm2.
The compressive strength at 28days after casting is taken as a criterion for specifying the quality
of concrete, this also known as grade of concrete.
Cube Test:
This test was done to determine the compressive strength. This is the given sample of the
concrete for 7 days and 28 days. Moulds made up of steel plates of size 150*150*150mm having
nut and bolt arrangement, 600mm long road of dia. 16mm, trowel, iron pan are required. The
mold is neatly oiled from inside. Required quantity of concrete is taken out of the mixer iron pan.
The mold is filled in three layers with concrete, and each layer tamped 25 times by a long road of
dia. 16mm. After 24 hours concrete cubes are taken out from the mold and kept in water tank for
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7 days and 28 days of curing. Out of six, three cubes are tested after 7 days and rest three are
tested after 28 days. After & days, compressive strength should be 66% of the total strength.
Checklist/Points before Laying Cement Concrete
 Form work / shuttering should be checked for line, level and its strength.
 Steel bars and their placing should be checked.
 Proper cover to steel bars and adequate numbers of sports/chairs under crank bars must be
checked.
 Proper planks or plates provides for walking over reinforcement are not distributed during
working.
 Raw material should be proper and sufficient in quantity.
 Electric pipes, fan box etc. should be laid before lying cement concrete.
 Gap in shuttering plates is sealed properly by jute bags/mortar/rubber etc.
 Shuttering plates are properly oiled.
 Curing arrangement must be checked in advance for smooth curing after laying RCC
slabs.
 Precautionary arrangement are taken in case of trains etc.
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COMPONENTS OF A STRUCTURE
Footing and its types
Footing is the bottom part of the foundation and is usually made of concrete and reinforced with
steel. The footing forms the base of the foundation and spreads the vertical loads from the
building.
Footing requirements are usually covered by municipal building codes and sized with respect to
the bearing capacity of the soil and the buildings weight. While we typically don’t need to worry
about this in north Texas and Southern Oklahoma, other area may be subject seasonal frost. In
this areas, the bottom of footing must be below the frost line to prevent damage to the footing
because of frost heave.
Types of Footings
The most common types of footing are:
Spot Footing
A spot or pad footing is used to support a single point of contact, such as under a pier or post.
Spot footings are usually a 2’by 2’ square pad, 10”to 12” thick, and made with reinforced
concrete.
Continuous Spread Footing
A continuous spread footing is mainly used to provide a stable base around the perimeter of a
building. Spread footings are often augmented with interior spot footings. The spread footing
supports the weight of the exterior or foundation walls. The thickness of the footing provides the
necessary strength for that support. The wide width of the footing base provides a large area with
which to transfer the weight from the walls to the ground. This is key to preventing settlement.
Grade Beam Footing
A grade beam footing is a continuous reinforced-concrete member used to support loads with
minimal bending. Grade beams are capable of spanning across non-load bearing areas, and are
commonly supported by soil or pilings. Grade beam footings differ from continuous spread
footings in how they distribute loads. The depth of a grade beam footing is design to distribute
loads
30 | P to
a g bearing
e point, while the width of a continuous spread footing is designed to transfer
loads to ground.
Raft Foundation
A raft foundation consists of a raft of reinforced concrete under the whole of a building. This type
of foundation is described as a raft in the sense that the concrete raft in cast on the surface of
ground which supports it. As water does a raft. And the foundation is not fixed by foundation
carried down subsoil.
Raft foundation may be used for buildings on compressible ground such as very soft clay, alluvial
deposits and compressible fill material where strip, pad or pile foundation wood not provide a
stable foundation without excessive excavation. The reinforced concrete raft is designed to
transmit the whole load of the building from the raft to the ground where the small spread loads
will cause little if any appreciable settlement.
The toe types of raft foundation commonly used are the flat raft and the wide toe raft. The flat
slab raft is of uniform thickness under the whole of the building and reinforced to spread the
loads from the walls uniformly over the under surface to the ground. This type of raft may be
used under small buildings such as bungalows and two storey houses where the comparatively
small loads on foundation it can be spread safely and economically under the rafts.
A figure showing combined footing(spot footing) is as following:
(Combined Footing)
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COLUMNS
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that

transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements
below. In other words, a column is a compression member. The term column applies especially to
a large round support (the shaft of the column) with a capital and a base or pedestal and made of
stone, or appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal support is typically called a post, and
supports with a rectangular or other non-round section are usually called piers. For the purpose
of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces.
Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress conditions.
Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or
ceilings rest. In architecture, "column" refers to such a structural element that also has certain
proportional and decorative features. A column might also be a decorative element not needed for
structural purposes; many columns are "engaged", that is to say form part of a wall.
COLUMN CASTING
 On the raft the column layout is done.

 Layout for starter.
 The column ties and link bars are provided as per column reinforcement drawings and
general specification.
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 Displacement of main bars should be provided with L bar.

 The plum of formwork should be check.
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 Height of cast should be calculated accurately.

 Avoid caps as far as possible.
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BEAMS
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its
mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction
forces at the beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to
produce forces and bending moments within the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains
and deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile (shape
of cross-section), length, and their material. Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or
civil engineering structural elements, but any structures such as automotive automobile frames,
aircraft components, machine frames, and other mechanical or structural systems contain beam
structures that are designed to carry lateral loads are analyzed in a similar fashion.
(Plan for beam)
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(Typical L sec. of beam)
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Slab
Structural Concrete Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually horizontal, in building
floors, roofs, bridges, and other types of structures. The slab may be supported by walls, by
reinforced concrete beams usually cast monolithically with the slab, by structural steel beams, by
columns, or by the ground. The depth of a slab is usually very small compared to its span.
In general, slabs are classified as being one-way or two-way. Slabs that primarily deflect
in one direction are referred to as one-way slabs. When slabs are supported by columns arranged
generally in rows so that the slabs can deflect in two directions they are usually referred to as
two- way slabs.
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STAIRS
Staircase is an important component of a building providing access to different floors and roof of
the building.
It consists of a flight of steps (stairs) and one or more intermediate landing slabs between the
floor levels.
Different types of staircases can be made by arranging stairs and landing slabs. Staircase, thus,
is a structure enclosing a stair.
Types of stair case:

(a) Single flight staircase
(b) Two flight staircase
(c) Open-well staircase
(d) Spiral staircase
(e) Helicoidal staircase
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(Waist slab of stairs)
(Stair Case)
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FORMWORK
Formwork (shuttering) in concrete construction is used as a mold for a structure in which fresh
concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. Types of concrete formwork construction
depends on formwork material and type of structural element.
Formworks can also be named based on the construction such as slab formwork for use in slab,
beam formwork, column formwork for use in beams and columns respectively etc.
The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure up to 20 to 25% of the cost of
the structure or even more. Design of these temporary structures are made to economic
expenditure. The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork
can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-usable are called stationary
forms.
Timber is the most common material used for formwork. The disadvantage with timber
formwork is that it will warp, swell and shrink. Application of water impermeable cost to the
surface of wood mitigates these defects.
(Formwork)
41 | P a g e
A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:

 It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
 It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and
vertically, so as to retain its shape.
 The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
 Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences
without damage to the concrete.
 The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for
reuse.
 The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have plane
surface.
 It should be as light as possible.
 The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to the
elements.
 It should rest on firm base.
Economy in Formwork:
The following points are to be kept in view to effect economy in the cost of formwork:
 The plan of the building should imply minimum number of variations in the size of
rooms, floor area etc. so as to permit reuse of the formwork repeatedly.
 Design should be perfect to use slender sections only in a most economical way.
 Minimum sawing and cutting of wooden pieces should be made to enable reuse of the
material a number of times. The quantity of surface finish depends on the quality of the
formwork.
Formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel, precast concrete or fiberglass used
separately or in combination. Steel forms are used in situation where large numbers of re-
use of the same forms are necessary. For small works, timber formwork proves useful.
42 | P a g e
Fiber glass made of precast concrete and aluminum are used in cast-in-situ construction such as
slabs or members involving curved surfaces.
Period of Removal of Formwork:
Time
S. No. Description of structural member
Period
1 Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams 1 to 2 days
2 Slabs (props left under) 3 days
3 Beam soffits (props left under) 7 days
Removal of props to slabs
4 (a) For slabs spanning up to 4.5 m 7 days
(b) For slabs spanning over 4.5 m 14 days
Removal of props to beams and arches
5 (a) Spanning up to 6 m 14 days
(b) spanning over 6 m 21 days
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CONSTRUCTION
When a project is executed on the site it has to cover up a sequential order from its initial stage to
final stage. This generally includes:
1. Site mobilization
2. Drawing collection
3. Proposed area check
4. Pilling /Earth cutting
5. Pile cap /Footing
6. Column
7. Grade beam
8. Column
9. Slab & beam
10.Brick Layout
11.Lintel & false slab
12.Grill fitting & door floor fitting
13.Grove cutting for electrical wire
14.Inside & outside plaster
15.Sanitary work
16. Electrical wearing
17. Tiles 18.Paint
19.Fitting Works
During our visit we

observed many steps
of this project
execution on ground.
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PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Site Mobilization: It is the preliminary stage of a construction project. This includes:
 Gas connection
 Water connection
 Labour facility
 Storage facility
Foundation: In general there are these types of foundations:
 Isolated footing
 Combined footing
 Raft
 Pile
PL Height Setting: In general PL height is measured by considering the main road level as the
datum. PL is set 2’-3’ above the datum. High flood level is rarely taken consideration during this
task.
Site Material Quality:
Shuttering material: There are various types of shuttering materials used during the construction
process having their own advantages and disadvantages.
 Bamboo & wood

1. Most common
2. Not durable
3. Low cost
4. Easily available
 Steel probe
1. Costly
2. Longevity
3. Efficient working
45 | P a g e
 Multipurpose shuttering
1. Multitask
2. Can be used both vertically & horizontally
Cement: Cements are brought to the site according to the demand. It is kept in a dry place. The
maximum age of the cement in the site is generally 1-2 week. They always try to use the fresh
cement.
Storage Facility: Storage facility in construction is not that much good. Because of the scarcity
of open land sometimes it appears to be very difficult to store the materials. This problem
generally arises during the initial stage.
Availability of Construction Tools: For tools supply the company fully depend on the
contractor. It is their liability to supply the tools on demand.
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DURING CONSTRUCTION
Concrete Work: In most of the project concreting is done by ready mix concrete. If any
difficulties arose on conveying ready mix concrete then only the hand mix procedure is done.
Slump test is rarely done on the site. Cylinder blocks are prepared during casting & tested on
labs. For concrete lifting on higher places rope hoist is set up.
Maintaining Clear Cover: Clear cover is generally maintained by rectangular block are used in
slab & beam and a triangular type block is used in column.
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Reinforcement Detailing
Placing the reinforcement is done according to the design. All the specifications are given in the
design. The following faults are generally found:
 Incorrect spacing
 Position of the hook
 Position of the lapping
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Column Construction: After setting up the reinforcement and shuttering column is casted. A
column has an initial portion named as “kicker”. This portion is generally 6- 9inch.It has
following causes:
 Make the column centered as per the grid line.

 Maintaining straight alignment
Columns are generally constructed in two phase. Now a days using of steel shuttering in column
casting has been increased for its structural importance. Some admixtures are used as plasticizer
in column construction.
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Slab & Beam Construction: Slab & beam are constructed monolithically. Water tank &
septic tank construction: While constructing water/septic tank a special type of admixture named
as foam loop” is used to make the structure water proof.
(Plan showing beam thru slab)
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Utility & Others:

Electric Features: In every project there is substation & generator facility. A HT line is
connected from PDB 440 volt to the main electric supply line then LT line distribute then to
MDB & SDB.in main distribution board 4-10 rm, sub distribution board 2.5 rm, switch board 1.5
rm cable is used.
Plumbing Features: Plumbing features are installed & checked in every point by applying water
pressure. Most of the pipes are made of plastic. The gases lines are installed though in most of the
project have not the gas connection yet.
Paint: The painting process they followed is as such:
 The plastered surface is first rubbed by stone.

 Then by grinding paper. Then the sealer is applied or a mixture of 1 begs chalk powder+1
gallon enamel+1/2 litre plastic paint is applied.
 Then the paint is applied. They have used distemper for inner wall & Weather coat for
outer wall of three coats.
Tiles: Tiles generally used:
 Homogeneous/mirror polish tiles for floor

 Ceramic tiles on the outer wall
Some tiles making sounds indicate void space beneath the tiles. These types of tiles
should be removed & replaced. But in general they don’t replace it.
Administration & Safety:
 According to the company’s law they always hang on a placard in a place which can be
seen easily, in which safety measures are written. It is company’s rules to make the labour
aware about the safety by the concerned site supervisor/engineer in every Tuesday. But
rather doing this on the fixed day they choose a favourable time in the week & remind the
safety measures to the labour.
 It is found that though the labour knows about the safety measure, they don’t follow them
strictly all the time.
 There is no progress chart /work dairy in any construction site
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CHAPTER NO.-3
CONCLUSION
The 6 weeks training that I received at GILLCO Developer & Builders Pvt. Ltd. was great
experience for me not only on technical terms but also in terms of interaction with other
workers. I learnt a great deal on applying the knowledge I have gained at the University.
Learning something from books and lectures is nothing like having first-hand experience. At
site I got to apply my Civil Engineering knowledge. The company gives the full freedom for
the trainee to get a sufficient training. The trainees are allowed to ask and do anything relevant
to the training. Engineers are always very enthusiastic on giving us the best training
experience. The employees do not think of their designation but only on the work to be done.
Teamwork has been excellent and all of them are like best friends, even with lower ranked
employees like Drivers, Office aids. And also they are most often at the sites with all kinds of
employees. Everyone was friendly from top to bottom. Employees are busy with their work
but they always help us to improve our knowledge.
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Industrial training report – GILLCO Developers & Builders Pvt. Ltd.

About GILLCO GROUP

About Us - Vision & Mission

1) Application of the knowledge acquired during

Features of GILLCO PARKHILLS

Stylish & Functional Indoors

Super Area - 1075 sq.ft.

Layout plan for 3BHK

How does the process work ?

BUILDING MATERIAL: CEMENT

Good quality cement has the following features:

 Reduced water requirement,

TESTING OF CEMENT IN FIELD

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PORTLAND CEMENT

BUILDING MATERIAL: AGGREGATES

BUILDING MATERIAL: SAND

These are of three types:

 Clear, angular and hard

BUILDING MATERIAL: COARSE AGGREGATE

Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories:

Uses of the Aggregates:

1. Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates can be used for

Use in concrete masonry

Why bent up bars are provided in beams?

LINKS & TIES

Overlapping in Steel Bars in Reinforced Cement Concrete

Precautions while Bending and Placing Steel Bars in RCC Work.

BUILDING MATERIAL: AAC BLOCKS

BUILDING MATERIAL: WATER

Effects of Bad Quality Water on Cement Concrete

Concrete is an intimate mixture of

 Requirements of Good Concrete

 Durability of concrete is the ability of concrete to with stand harmful effects of

Making Durable Concrete

Making Good Concrete

Making good concrete involves:

1. Good quality raw materials,

Method of Curing: Water curing.

VARIOUS TEST PERFORMED

Various tests on concrete

Collapse Shear True

Checklist/Points before Laying Cement Concrete

Footing and its types

The most common types of footing are:

Continuous Spread Footing

Grade Beam Footing

A figure showing combined footing(spot footing) is as following:

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that

 On the raft the column layout is done.

 Displacement of main bars should be provided with L bar.

 Height of cast should be calculated accurately.

(Plan for beam)

(Typical L sec. of beam)

Types of stair case:

(Waist slab of stairs)

A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:

Period of Removal of Formwork:

1 Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams 1 to 2 days

2 Slabs (props left under) 3 days

3 Beam soffits (props left under) 7 days

Removal of props to slabs

4 (a) For slabs spanning up to 4.5 m 7 days

(b) For slabs spanning over 4.5 m 14 days