CHAPTER 13:

CHAPTER 13:
Climate change
and its effects
Who’s taking charge?
Chapter 13.1
Climate and
weather
Differentiate
Climate and
weather
 weather
Refers to the day-to-day changes or patterns
in the atmosphere at a particular place and
time as regards to heat, dryness, sunshine,
wind, rain, cloudiness, etc.
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE
weather
 FACTORS THAT DETERMINE
weather
AIR TEMPERATURE
- Measures how hot or cold the air is. At higher
temperatures, the molecules in the air move faster
and water evaporates faster.
 FACTORS THAT DETERMINE
weather
AIR PRESSURE
- Measures how heavy the air is over a unit of area. With
bigger air pressure, the weight of air above you becomes
heavier. This indicates fair weather. With lower air pressure,
the air molecules move toward the atmosphere. This signals
a stormy weather.
 FACTORS THAT DETERMINE
weather
AMOUNT AND TYPE OF PRECIPITATION
- Precipitation can be droplets of water (drizzle,
shower, downpour) or solidified water (snow, ice,
hale).
 FACTORS THAT DETERMINE
weather
WIND STRENGTH AND DIRECTION
- Air moves from an area of high pressure to that of low
pressure. Wind that blows over bodies of water are
cooler and moist while wind that travels over
landmasses are warmer and dry.
 FACTORS THAT DETERMINE
weather
TYPES OF CLOUDS
- With very warm air temperature, water vapor
condenses to form clouds. The more evaporation takes
place, the more saturated the clouds will become and
form rain clouds.
CLIMATE
 CLIMATE
The cumulative patterns of weather in a particular place over time. In
the Philippines, the climate is either dry or wet. When an area is closer
to the poles, the climate becomes more pronounced with seasons that
can swing from sweltering hot to extremely freezing. The climate in
such countries can be spring, summer, autumn, or winter. Climate
slowly changes over time, allowing life to adjust to the new
conditions. Recently, climate has been changing more rapidly and on a
global scale.
 CLIMATE
TROPICAL
- The climate in the Philippines. hot, humid, and rainy
climates found mostly between the Tropic of Cancer and the
Tropic of Capricorn.  It is characterized by relatively high
temperature, high humidity and abundant rainfall. It is
similar in many respects to the climate of the countries of
Central America. 
Chapter 13.2
Climate and
Climate change
 What is
Climate change?
 define
Temperature
 Temperature
A noticeable factor that describe climate. It It
influence the clothing you wear or the weather that
you will experience. It can be measured accurately
by a thermometer or perceived by the senses as too
hot, too cold, or just right. Thermometer is an
instrument used in measuring temperature.
FACTORS THAT influence
Temperature
 FACTORS THAT influence
Temperature
LATITUDE
- As the latitude increases north or south of the
equator, the temperature decreases. The latitudinal
position of a country, or its distance from the
equator, and Earth's axial tilt define its climate.
Latitudinal sections of
The earth
 Latitudinal sections of
The earth
EQUATOR
- Serves as a reference point and is
set as 0° latitude. It divides the
planet into a Northern and a
Southern Hemisphere.
 Latitudinal sections of
The earth
TROPIC OF CANCER
- The latitude above the Equator.
It lies on the Northern
Hemisphere at 23.5° north of the
equator.
 Latitudinal sections of
The earth
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
- The latitude below the Equator.
It lies in the Southern
Hemisphere at 23.5° south of the
equator.
 Latitudinal sections of
The earth
ARCTIC CIRCLE
- The southernmost latitude in the
Northern Hemisphere. It circles
the globe at 66.5° north of the
equator.
 Latitudinal sections of
The earth
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
- The northernmost latitude in the
Southern Hemisphere. It circles
the globe at 66.5° south of the
equator.
 FACTORS THAT influence
Temperature
PROXIMITY TO LARGE BODIES OF WATER
- Islands are surrounded by bodies of water and can have
windward and leeward sides. Areas located on the windward
side of islands (areas where winds blow from the sea onto land)
are cool and moist. Areas on the leeward side (areas where wind
blows from inland toward the sea) are warm and dry.
 FACTORS THAT influence
Temperature
ELEVATION
- Temperature decreases with elevation. The higher the
elevation, the lower the temperature. Particularly in summer, the
temperature drops as one goes into the higher altitudes and rises
as one travels to the lowlands. Air temperature decreases with
elevation at a rate of 2° to 4° Fahrenheit per 1000 feet.
FACTORS THAT influence
precipitation
 FACTORS THAT influence
precipitation
PROXIMITY TO MOUNTAIN RANGES
- Mountains influence precipitation in two ways. The first one is the
Orographic effect. It refers to the dynamics of air and precipitation on the
windward slope of mountains. Moist air masses are pushed upward and
moisture condenses as rain clouds. When these clouds are saturated,
precipitation is released. Rain shadow effect on the other hand, occurs on the
leeward slope of mountains, which is generally dry and receives only less
rain called rain shadow. The amount of precipitation on the leeward slope is
less than the windward slope.
 FACTORS THAT influence
precipitation
WIND
- The movement of air caused by heat from the sun. Winds that originate
from a warm area bring about warm temperatures while wind from a cool
area cools the air. Wind moving in a horizontal manner distributes air, heat,
pollutants, moisture, seeds, sand, soil, and other lightweight materials
through Earth's surface. Wind traveling vertically can push warm air upward,
which cools down to form rain clouds. When saturated with moisture, these
rain clouds produce precipitation. Air that sinks becomes warmer, causing
evaporation and fair weather.
Climate change
 Climate change
Refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather
patterns. This issue is a century-scale problem that has been
brought about by industrialization, which has contributed to
the emission of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are
gaseous substances that absorb infrared radiation from the sun
and trap the heat in the atmosphere.
Earth’s gases and the
Greenhouse effect
 Earth’s gases and the
Greenhouse effect
The main gases of Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen
(21%), and argon (0.93%). Other gases comprise the remaining 0.07
percent. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, water vapor,
methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are
humanmade greenhouse gases produced as refrigerants in air
conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, and heat pumps. They are also
found in some foam plastics and used to manufacture some
electronics.
 Earth’s gases and the
Greenhouse effect
GREENHOUSE
- A small glasshouse that trap heat from the sun and where
plants are grown. The glass panels of the greenhouse allow
light to pass through, but they keep the heat from escaping to
warm the plants especially in very cold climates.
 Earth’s gases and the
Greenhouse effect
GREENHOUSE GASES
- The greenhouse gases are important; without them, Earth will
be too cold for human survival. However, if there is too much
of the greenhouse gases, Earth will be too hot for life. Just a
one-degree rise in temperature is enough to cause problems for
humans, plants, and animals.
 Earth’s gases and the
Greenhouse effect
ALBEDO EFFECT
- The higher the albedo of a surface, or the more light that gets
reflected by earth's surface, the cooler the air will be near that
surface. The lower the albedo of a surface, the hotter the same air
will be.
ALBEDO
- The fraction of solar energy reflected back to space.
Greenhouse
effect
 a b s orbed
i s
r r a d iation
ola face
most S by the sur
 Earth warms
And Emits infrared
radiation

a b s orbed
i s
r r a d iation
ola face
most S by the sur
 Infrared radiation is absorbed by
greenhouse gases and
re-radiated in all directions

Earth warms
And Emits infrared
radiation

Increased
most Solar radiation is absorbed heating
by the surface

Increased
heating
 Infrared radiation is absorbed by
greenhouse gases and
re-radiated in all directions

Earth warms
And Emits infrared
radiation

most Solar radiation is absorbed Increased

by the surface heating

Some solar radiation is reflected

by the earth and the atmosphere

Increased
heating
Let’s play!
It refers to the day to day changes or
patterns in the atmosphere at a particular
place and time.
WEATHER
The latitude below the Equator. It lies in
the Southern Hemisphere at 23.5° south
of the equator.
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
Measures how heavy the air is over a unit
of area.
AIR PRESSURE
As it increases north or south of the equator, the
temperature decreases. The position of a country, or
its distance from the equator, and Earth's axial tilt
define its climate.
LATITUDE
Serves as a reference point and is set as
0° latitude. It divides the planet into a
Northern and a Southern Hemisphere.
EQUATOR
The more light that gets reflected by earth's surface,
the cooler the air will be near that surface.
ALBEDO EFFECT
It is the fraction of solar energy or
radiation reflected back to space.
ALBEDO
What is the climate here in the
Philippines and in countries close to the
Equator?
TROPICAL
A small glasshouse that trap heat from the sun and where
plants are grown. The glass panels allow light to pass
through, but they keep the heat from escaping to warm the
plants especially in very cold climates.
GREENHOUSE
A noticeable factor that describe climate.
It It influence the clothing you wear or
the weather that you will experience.
TEMPERATURE
CONGRATULATIONS!
Chapter 13.3
Global warming
 What is
Global warming?
 Global warming
The long-term average increase in global temperature. It
describes an overview of the warming of the entire planet,
climate change affects specific areas, regions, or zones. As
earth's atmospheric temperature rises, some areas will
experience very cold climate while others will have
extremely hot climate.
CAUSES OF
Global warming
 Causes of
Global warming
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM
BURNING GASOLINE
- Carbon dioxide is emitted by motorized vehicles,
electric power plants, and home heated with gas or
oil
 Causes of
Global warming
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM
FOSSIL FUEL-BURNING POWER PLANTS
- The burning and clearing of forested land for
agricultural purposes also contribute to CO2
emissions.
 Causes of
Global warming
METHANE EMMISIONS FROM ANIMALS, AGRICULTURE,
SUCH AS RICE PADDIES, AND FROM ARCTIC SEABEDS
- Methane is produced from the expansion of rice agriculture, the
increased number of livestock, the creation of more landfills, and
leakage from natural gas pipelines.
 Causes of
Global warming
INCREASE IN THE USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
- Nitrous oxide is emitted from coal-burning power plants. It can
also be released from the breakdown of chemical fertilizers in the
soil.
 Causes of
Global warming
DEFORESTATION
- Forest trees take in CO2, and release O2, during
photosynthesis reducing the greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
 Global warming
Human activities produce
greenhouse gases, which raise
global temperature (global
warming) that in turn triggers
climate change.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
A result of global warming and
refers to the changes in
precipitation patterns, intensity
and frequency, and episodes of
heat waves and drought.
 CARBON
FOOTPRINT
- The amount of carbon dioxide released into the
atmosphere as a result of activities of an individual
or organization.
- The total amount of greenhouse gases (including
carbon dioxide and methane) that are generated by
our actions.
 ECOLOGICAL
FOOTPRINT
- It measures the use of resources against
Earth's capacity to regenerate (biocapacity).
- It tracks the use of productive surface
areas. 
Chapter 13.4
Impacts of climate
change
 How does
climate change affect us?
 Direct impacts
On temperature
According to PAGASA's climatological data, April and May register the
hottest temperature.
The hottest day in the history of Metro Manila was on May 14, 1987,
when the temperature reached 38.5°C.
The hottest day in the Philippines was recorded on April 22, 1912, and
May 11, 1969, in Tuguegarao, Cagayan Valley, which experienced a
temperature of 42.2°C.
The hottest day in the world is reported on July 10, 1913, in Death
Valley, where the temperature shot to 56.7°C.
 Climate-sensitive
Diseases & illness
HEATSTROKE
- When the body is exposed to extremely high temperatures and does not get
enough water for a prolonged period, the body fails to regulate its
temperature and suffers a heatstroke. It can damage the brain or even lead to
death. The condition may begin as simple heat cramps then progresses to
fainting and exhaustion. People over age 50 are vulnerable as are young
athletes training under the heat of the sun.
 Climate-sensitive
Diseases & illness
DENGUE
- Dengue virus bearing mosquitoes favor areas with warmer climates and
more rainfall. As the mosquitoes breed and multiply, they move on to new
territories. High fever that lasts for a week, aching muscles and joints,
general weakness, and pain in the eyes are all symptoms of Dengue. As the
illness progresses, body temperature may drop, and tiny red spots or skin
rash may appear. Other symptoms include bleeding, abdominal pain,
vomiting, and dark-colored stool.
 Climate-sensitive
Diseases & illness
LEPTOSPIROSIS
- A waterborne disease caused by the bacterium Leptospira and
affects both humans and animals. If untreated, it can lead to kidney
damage, meningitis, and death. To avoid contracting the disease,
people must observe hygiene, wash their feet and legs with soap
and water in case they wade through the food, wear boots if
possible, and avoid walking through floodwaters.
 Climate-sensitive
Diseases & illness
DIARRHEA
- The loose and frequent bowel movement that can lead to
dehydration if not addressed properly and immediately.
This condition is caused by bacteria in contaminated food
or water. Oral rehydration is necessary.
 Climate-sensitive
Diseases & illness
SALMONELLOSIS
- An infection caused by the salmonella bacterium. Other forms of
microorganisms, such as botulism, can cause food poisoning.
BOTULISM
- Attributed to the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that thrives in
expired canned food. Observe hygiene after using the toilet and dispose
of expired canned goods.
 DISLOCATION OF POPULATIONS
DUE TO FLOODS AND
NATURAL DISASTERS
When a habitat is at risk, organisms move out in search of safer
territory. For instance, flooding forces people in low-lying areas to
evacuate to and congest in refugee centers. Depending on when the
floods will dissipate, the people can be displaced for a few days.
Some may even need to relocate if their residential areas remain
inhabitable.
 Extreme weather
Extreme episodes of El Niño and La Niña are two effects of climate
change. Both phenomena are influenced by the surface temperature
in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
During normal conditions, winds generally blow equatorial waters
from the eastern Pacific (from the coast of South America) to the
western Pacific or toward the coast of equatorial Asia and Australia.
These waters warm up because of exposure to the sun.
 Extreme weather
EL NIÑO
- Winds weaken, causing sea surface temperatures to rise.
The waters are pushed eastward, that is, from Asia and
Australia back to South America, where water upwelling
occurs. El Niño can cause drought in the western Pacific but
trigger wet winters in the eastern Pacific.
 Extreme weather
LA NIÑA
- The opposite of El Niño phenomenon, cooler-than-normal
subsurface water accumulates in the central equatorial Pacific.
Strong winds moving toward the east push the cool ocean waters
toward South America. La Niña brings with it more rains in Asia
and Australia (western Pacific) and less of it in South America
(eastern Pacific). The cold temperature in the eastern Pacific makes
it difficult for rain clouds to form.
 IMPACTS OF WATER
QUALITY AND QUANTITY
Earth's waters, are at risk from pollution because of food
runoffs. Flood water carry wastes, silt, agricultural pesticides
and fertilizers, and other pollutants that are then deposited on
other bodies of water. These pollutants can adversely affect
the aquatic food chain.
 IMPACTS OF WATER
QUALITY AND QUANTITY
Furthermore, ice in polar regions can also melt, resulting in rising
sea levels. Increased temperatures can also lead to the excessive
evaporation of water. This can trigger extremely dry weather in
some areas and heavy precipitation in others. A dry area has less
water supply that can support economic activities. Climate change
also impacts ecotourism as it affects the quality and level of lakes,
rivers, and other bodies of water.
 LOW SOIL
PRODUCTIVITY
Drought and excessive precipitation can reduce soil
productivity. Lack of water supply stunts the growth
of crops. When floodwaters erode soil, they can strip
away minerals vital to food crops.
 Chapter 13.5
The ethics of climate
change
 How DO YOU
HELP RESOLVE
CLIMATE CHANGE?
 INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
In 1988, the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) established the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a scientific
body to provide the world with clear scientific, technical, and
socioeconomic information on climate change. IPCC aims to
collectively cut down global greenhouse gas emissions, enough to
slow down the increasing average global temperature.
 MONTREAL
PROTOCOL
On September 16, 1987, member countries of the United Nations
signed the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer, an international treaty that laid down the goals and
framework that sought to reduce the use of and eventually phase
out ozone-depleting substances (ODS). The Philippines signed the
Montreal Protocol in 1991.
 MONTREAL
PROTOCOL
It was discovered that the ozone layer has a hole over
Antarctica, leaving the planet even more vulnerable to
the sun's ultraviolet radiation. Scientists had studied
that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were thinning the
ozone layer.
 KYOTO
PROTOCOL
An international agreement adopted in 1997 and ratified in 2005, encourages
industrialized countries to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions. The Kyoto Protocol
limits emission of greenhouse gases in 2012 by a certain percent increase or decrease
compared to the country's 1990 emissions. This means an eight percent reduction for
countries in the European Union, seven percent for US, six percent for Japan, and
permitted increases of eight percent for Australia and 10 percent for Iceland.
Developing countries including China and India were not mandated to reduce their
emissions because their emissions contributed only a small portion of greenhouse
gases.