Research

Methodology
TY BBA
Introduction
Research is a continuous activity in majority of disciplines
and professions.

It is helpful in

● critical assessment of the way we work,

● execute policies, and
● give instructions in our professions.

It is systematic observation of processes to find better

ways to do things and to reduce the effort.
Definition of Research Methodology

Identification
Definition of Research Methodology

Collection
Definition of Research Methodology

Analysis
Definition of Research Methodology

Use of
Information
Clifford Woody Defining
and
Redefining
Problem

Reaching Formulation of
Research Hypothesis
Conclusion

Collection,
Organising
and
Evaluation of
Data
Aims and Objectives
Specific LoreLore

Measurable

Achievable

Realisitic
Time
Constrained
Motivation In Research
● Desire to face the challenges in solving the unsolved
problem.
● Desire to attain an intellectual joy by doing some
creative work.
● Desire to be of service to society.
● Desire to get respectability.
● Directives of Government, employment conditions,
● Social thinking and awakening.
Types Of ResearchDescriptive
Empirical Realisitic Analytical

Types
Lorem Of
ipsum
congue
Qualitative Research
Applied

Quantitative Fundamental
Descriptive Research
A type of research that is used to describe the characteristics of a
population.

It helps answer the

● What,
● when,
● where, and
● how questions regarding the research problem, rather than the why.
Descriptive Research Types
1. Observational
2. Survey
3. Case Study
Analytical Research
Involves critical thinking and evaluation of facts.

Eg_ Doctors, Psychologist

Focuses on analysis of cause-effect relationship.

Applied Research
Seeks to solve practical problem.For eg.
● Develop innovative technology.
● Increased agricultural production.
Fundamental Research
● Main purpose is to expand knowledge
Qualitative Research
Based on un- quantifiable terms such as Beliefs, culture,
customs, satisfaction etc.

Why and how people make decisions.

Quantitative Research
Mathematics or computational technique is used
● Generation of Hypothesis
● Methods of measurement
● Variables included
● Collection of Data
● Analysis of data
● Evaluation of data
Conceptual Research
Research is conducted by observing and analysing already
present data.
Empirical Research
Uses only verifiable data and carries out scientific data to
measure the outcome.
Research Approaches
1. The descriptive study
2. The explanatory Study
3. Remedial Study
4. Methodological Study
5. Historical Study
Significance of Study
● Helps to understand world around us.
● Finds solution to a problem
● Advances knowledge and develop new technologies.
● Helps in decision making.
● Helps in predicting future
● Helps in differentiating facts from assumptions
Research ProcessAbstract
Summary
Introduction
of the topic
References Review of
Literature
Catalogues
Conclusion & Database
Discussions

Methods
Results
Criteria Of Good Research
1) carrying out ethical research;

(2) importance of the research;

(3) clarity and coherence of the research report;

(4) use of appropriate and rigorous methods;

(5) importance of reflexivity or attending to researcher bias;

(6) importance of establishing validity or credibility; and

(7) importance of verification or reliability.

Challenges Faced By Researchers In India

1. Lack of Scientific Training

2. Lack of communication with the supervisor
3. Time management
4. Not having a definite deadline
5. A quantity of literature
6. Implementing quality of writing within the literature review
7. Insufficient data
8. Lack of confidence
9. Concern that your focus is either still too broad or too narrow
10. Library management
Research Problem
A research problem is a statement about
● an area of concern,
● a condition to be improved,
● a difficulty to be eliminated, or
● a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in
practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and
deliberate investigation
Component of research Problem
The components of a research problem can be :
● There must be an individual or a group which has some difficulty or the
problem.
● There must be some objective(s) to be attained at.
● There must be alternative means for obtaining the objective(s) one
wishes to attain.
How to formulate a research Problem
● Identify a general area of interest. ...
● Learn more about the problem. ...
● Review the context of the information. ...
● Determine relationships between variables. ...
● Select and include important variables. ...
● Receive feedback and revise.
Research Hypothesis
A hypothesis is an approximate explanation that relates to the set of facts that can be
tested by certain further investigations. There are basically two types, namely,

● null hypothesis
● alternative hypothesis.

A research generally starts with a problem.

Types Of HYpothesis
Null Hypothesis

A null hypothesis proposes no relationship between two variables. Denoted by

H0, it is a negative statement like “Attending physiotherapy sessions does not
affect athletes' on-field performance.” Here, the author claims physiotherapy
sessions have no effect on on-field performances. Even if there is, it's only a
coincidence.
Alternative hypothesis

Considered to be the opposite of a null hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis is donated as H1 or Ha. It

explicitly states that the dependent variable affects the independent variable. A good alternative
hypothesis example is “Attending physiotherapy sessions improves athletes' on-field performance.” or
“Water evaporates at 100°C.”

The alternative hypothesis further branches into directional and non-directional.

● Directional hypothesis: A hypothesis that states the result would be either positive or negative is
called directional hypothesis. It accompanies H1 with either the ‘<' or ‘>' sign.
● Non-directional hypothesis: A non-directional hypothesis only claims an effect on the dependent
variable. It does not clarify whether the result would be positive or negative. The sign for a non-
directional hypothesis is ‘≠.'
Simple Hypothesis
Simple hypothesis
A simple hypothesis is a statement made to reflect the relation between exactly
two variables. One independent and one dependent. Consider the example,
“Smoking is a prominent cause of lung cancer." The dependent variable, lung
cancer, is dependent on the independent variable, smoking.
Complex Hypothesis
In contrast to a simple hypothesis, a complex hypothesis implies the
relationship between multiple independent and dependent variables.
For instance, “Individuals who eat more fruits tend to have higher
immunity, lesser cholesterol, and high metabolism.” The independent
variable is eating more fruits, while the dependent variables are higher
immunity, lesser cholesterol, and high metabolism.
Associative and Causal Hypothesis

Associative and causal hypotheses don't exhibit how many variables there will be.
They define the relationship between the variables. In an associative hypothesis,
changing any one variable, dependent or independent, affects others.
In a casual hypothesis, the independent variable directly affects the dependent.
Statistical hypothesis

The point of a statistical hypothesis is to test an already existing

hypothesis by studying a population sample. Hypothesis like “44% of
the Indian population belong in the age group of 22-27.” leverage
evidence to prove or disprove a particular statement.
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

● A research hypothesis has to be simple yet clear to look justifiable enough.

● It has to be testable — your research would be rendered pointless if too far-fetched into
reality or limited by technology.
● It has to be precise about the results —what you are trying to do and achieve through it
should come out in your hypothesis.
● A research hypothesis should be self-explanatory, leaving no doubt in the reader's
mind.
● If you are developing a relational hypothesis, you need to include the variables and
establish an appropriate relationship among them.
● A hypothesis must keep and reflect the scope for further investigations and
experiments.
Techniques Involved in Defining Research Problem

1. Statement of the problem in a general way.

2. Understand the nature of the problem: Cause and Character.
3. Literature Survey
4. Experiential Advice
5. Rephrase the research problem
Techniques in Defining a Research Problem
● Statement of a problem in general way
● Understanding the nature of a problem
● Surveying the available literature
● Developing ideas through discussions
● Rephrasing the research Problem
Research Design
Research Design includes following

1. Sampling Design
2. Observational Design
3. Statistical Design
4. Operational Design
Important Concept relating to Research Design
1. Dependent and independent variable
2. Extraneous Variable
3. Control
4. Confounded Variable
5. Research hypothesis
6. Experimental and control group
7. Treatments
8. Experiment

(a)Absolute

(b)Comparative
Different Research DEsign
1. Exploratory Research Design
2. Descriptive & Diagnostic
3. Hypothesis Testing
BAsic Principle of Experimental Design
1. Principle Of Replication
2. Principle of Randomization
3. Principle of Local Control
TYpes of Experimental Design
Experimental Design

Informal Formal

Before
and after 2. After 3. Before and 1. Complete
without with after with Random 3. Latin Square
control control Design Design
control
2. Randomised 4. Factorial Design
Block design
Primary Data
Primary data collection is the process of collecting data from a live source, such as a
human being. The goal of primary data collection is to collect data that is as accurate
and complete as possible. This data can be used to improve the quality of life for people
and the environment.

There are two types of primary data collection:

● Online
● Offline
● Self collection
Primary Data Collection
Delphi Method
The Delphi method uses multiple rounds of
questionnaires sent to a panel of experts to work toward
a mutual agreement or consensus opinion. The
participants modify their responses based on the information
brought forth by other experts participating in the analysis.
Characteristics of Delphi technique

1. Anonymous group interactions and responses,

2. Multiple rounds of questioning, and.
3. The provision of feedback to the group between each
round.
Delphi method:

Follow these steps to successfully complete the Delphi method:

1. Establish the purpose of your study. ...
2. Prepare materials to distribute to participants. ...
3. Choose the participants. ...
4. Create your questionnaires. ...
5. Analyze the feedback and results carefully.
DAta Collection
Qualitative primary data collection

1. Can be helpful when we want to explore how people think about a particular issue or
problem.
2. Qualitative primary data collection is a type of data collection that uses
● Interviews,
● focus groups, and
● surveys

This kind of data can be useful for understanding how people use products or
how they think about problems. Qualitative primary data can also help you
design better products or services.
Qualitative primary data collection

This kind of data can be useful for understanding

● how people use products or

● how they think about problems.

Qualitative primary data can also help you design better

products or services.
Quantitative primary data collection

Quantitative primary data collection

● It is the process of collecting data that can be measured.
● There are two types of quantitative primary data collection:
○ online surveys and
○ observation studies.
Quantitative primary data collection

Advantages Disadvantages
1. the ability to measure how 1. low response rates and
people behave in natural 2. difficulty getting accurate
settings, results.
2. the ability to track changes
over time, and
3. the potential for large-scale
studies.
Primary data collection vs. Secondary data collection
1. The process of collecting
information directly from users.
2. More accurate and reliable
results because it’s closer to
the source,
3. Time-consuming and laborious
1. The process of collecting
information from other sources,
such as public records or
databases.
2. Less accurate because they rely
on third-party sources.
3. Easier to use but can result in
inaccurate or incomplete
information due to its reliance on
outside sources.
Secondary data
Data that is collected by someone other than the
primary user. Common sources of secondary data for
social science include
● censuses,
● information collected by government departments,
organizational records and
● data that was originally collected for other research
purposes.
Secondary Data
Criteria for evaluating secondary data sources
1. Who collected the data.
2. What is the data provider's purpose or goal.
3. When was the data collected.
4. How the data was collected.
5. What type of data was collected.
6. Whether the data is consistent with data from other sources.
Secondary Research Methods

Common secondary research methods include

● Data collection through the internet,
● Libraries,
● Archives,
● Schools and organizational reports
Secondary Analysis

It refers to the use of existing research data to

find answer to a question that was different
from the original work
Secondary data can be large scale surveys or data
collected as part of personal research.
Methods of Collecting Primary Data
1.Observation Method
2.Interview Method
3.Questionnaire Method
4.Scheduling Method
Observation Method
The different types of observations are:
● Structured and unstructured observation.
● Controlled and uncontrolled observation.
● Participant, non-participant and
● Disguised observation.
 Structured and unstructured observation

Structured observation Unstructured Observation

● The researcher specifies in ● In this case, the researcher is

detail what is to be observed
and also how it will be
observed, (like the number of
participants, for the specific
time).
not interested in determining
objective conclusions, but
rather in gaining insights
about a certain topic.
Controlled or Uncontrolled
Controlled- Uncontrolled
● When observation takes
● When the observation
place according to pre -
arranged plans, with takes place in natural
experimental procedure then condition i.e.,
it is controlled observation uncontrolled
generally done in laboratory
observation.
under controlled condition.