The story of translation origin :

 the Bible, Old Testament, Genesis A

the offspring of Noah, 示拿地 Shinar
（美索不达米亚平原 Mesopotamia--“ 两
河之间” Tigris, Euphrates ），
the Babel
 pure language
 The God
 翻译之难

1. She wants to put her tongue in your

mouth. （培训学校广告）
2. What’s on your arm should be as
beautiful as who’s on it. ( 西铁城广告 )
3. We’ll give you a permanent without
making waves in your budget. （发
廊广告）
4. 中华儿女多奇志，不爱红妆爱武装。
5. 道可道，非常道。
 翻译过程：理解—表达
一、词义理解错误
6. They loved each other and there is no
love lost between them.
7. I have no opinion of that sort of man.
8. My mother had no suspicion that my
happiness was so near.
(I solemnly swear to you that I know of n
o harm having happened to Charles; th
at I had no suspicion even of his being i
n this fatal place. )
二、结构理解错误
9.It’s rather cool, not to say cold.
10.My grandmother never had a
holiday until she was too old to enjoy
it.
英汉翻译理论与实践
—基于英汉比较视角

主讲人 刘绍斌
南昌大学外国语学院
 导学——课程要求

Course Description & Requirements

Description:
This course named Translation Theory and Practice aims at
cultivating the SS’ ability of translating between E-C and C- E—
they have the ability to understand and master some basic theories
and techniques about translation. E.g. the brief history of Chinese
and western translation theory, the differences between E and C, the
basic techniques in translation, some methods to deal with the
special sentences, etc. In a word, the SS will have the first
impression to English language and Chinese, and through these
discussions they will have a higher ability in their English writing.
 导学——课程要求

Requirements and Grading:

To pass this course, students must attain an average of 60% in
the following categories:
Participating: 10%
Participating is vital to the learning process and it includes
attendances, being on times, coming to class prepared, interacting
with other students, and participating in classroom discussions.
Students who are frequently absent, tardy, or refuse to participate
will receive a poor participation grade. Note: there are NO excused
absences. Any absences or tardy will result in a lower participation
grade.
 导学——课程要求

Homework: 20%
Students will have to complete periodic homework assignments
related to this course. (Including reviewing and previewing the
text, etc) The teacher may also give homework/ assignments on
each topic discussed in the class if there is a need.
Tests: 70%
There will be only one test: a final. But there may also be
several short quizzes through the term.
Attendance:
Daily attendance will be recorded. Each day a student will get
1.5 points. 0.5 point for attendance, 0.5 point for being on time,
and 0.5 point for participating in discussion and interacting
positively with fellow classmates.
 导学——课程要求

Classroom polices:
Late work: Assignments must be turned in on the due date for
full credit. Unless otherwise indicated, all assignments will be due
at the beginning of the class period. Assignments that are turned in
late will lose 5% per day.
Copying and Plagiarism:
Students should do their own work in order to maximize
learning. Collaborating on assignments is permitted, but copying
another student’s work is prohibited. Similarly, students who are
caught copying or plagiarizing will fail the assignment.
 Get to know the teacher

1.teacher’s information
Name: 刘绍斌
Tel: 13317004730
Email: liushaobin@ncu.edu.cn

网络教学平台： online.ncu.edu.cn
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast
and Translation

欢迎光临
 Part One

Native Language Transfer in FL Learning:

Interference or Facilitation?

外语学习中的母语迁移：
干扰还是促进？
What Is Language Transfer?
Transfer is the influence resulting from
the similarities and differences between the
target language and any other language that
has been previously acquired .
Odlin (1989: 27)
迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相
似和差异而产生的 影响。
奥德
林
 Two Types of Transfer
 Negative Transfer  Positive Transfer
(负迁移 ) （正迁移）
Errors arise from Errors decrease by
analogy. 类推 analysis.
会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。

Keen awareness of the similarities and differences

between the two languages can facilitate FL learning.
对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
 Negative Transfer ( 负迁移 ):
Interference ( 干扰 )
Causes:
 analogical use of one’s prior knowledge of
the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用
 scanty knowledge of differences between
the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少
 unconscious falling back on the mother
tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语
习惯
 Examples of Negative
Transfer
1. The writer likes writing at light (night).

Phonological transfer (语音迁移 )

The sound /n/ does not exist in some
Chinese dialects and /l/ serves as a
substitute. 在有些中国方言（如南京
方言）中没有 /n/ 这个辅音，而用 /l/ 来替代。
 Examples of Negative
Transfer
2. He only eat two meal a day.

Morphological transfer （词形迁移）

Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in
Chinese. 在
汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。
 Examples of Negative
Transfer
3. Shanghai is said to have thirteen million
population.

Collocation transfer (搭配迁移 )

The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent
of ‘population’, can have a numerical pre-
modifier. Population 的汉语对应词“人口”在汉
语中可以用前置数词来修饰。
 Examples of Negative
Transfer
4. He suggested me to accept this offer .

Syntactical transfer (句型迁移 )

The verb jianyi, the Chinese equivalent of ‘suggest’,
can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese.
Suggest 的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以
用“动词 + 宾语 + 补语”的结构。
 Examples of Negative
Transfer
5. -- Your English is wonderful.
-- No, no. My English is still poor.

Pragmatic transfer (语用迁移 )

The negative reply to a compliment is considered in
Chinese as modest and courteous. 对
赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。
 Two Types of Transfer
 Negative Transfer  Positive Transfer
(负迁移 ) （正迁移）
Errors arise from Errors decrease
analogy. by analysis.
类推会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into
positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences
between the two languages and arouse the learner’s
awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy.
我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免
或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁
移（促进）。
 Part Two

A Contrastive Study of
English and Chinese

英汉语对比研究
 Difference Between
Comparative Study and Contrastive
Study
Comparative Study Contrastive Study
lays emphasis on lays emphasis on
the similarities the differences
between languages between languages
and applies the and applies the
diachronic method synchronic method
of research. of research.
比较研究着重寻 对比研究着重寻
找语言间的相似点，运 找语言间的不同点，运
用历时的研究方法。 用共时的研究方法。
 Please translate the
following:
人到齐就开会。
The meeting will begin when all are here.
不要人云亦云。
Don’t say what others have said.
帐单撕碎了。
The bill was torn to pieces.
问题解决了。
The problem was solved.
 Please translate the
following:
你再说一个字，我马上走。
If you should say one more word, I
would go at once.
你死了，我去当和尚。
If you should die, I would go and be a
monk.
人到齐就开会。 The meeting will begin when all
are here.
不要人云亦云。 Don’t say what others have said.
Tense （时态）
帐单撕碎了。 The bill was torn to pieces.
问题解决了。 The problem was solved.
Voice （语 态）
你再说一个字， If you should say one more
我马上走。 word, I would go at once.
你死了， If you should die, I would go and
我去当和尚。 be a monk.
Mood （语气）
 Chinese English
Lacking inflection Retaining some
in the strict inflections 保留一些形态
sense 缺 变化
少严格意义的形态 v. （动词） : tense,
变化 number, voice, mood
老师们、同学们 n. （名词） : number,
case, gender
我的爸爸、你的妈妈
pron. （代词） : person,
认真的态度、 认 gender, case, number
真地学习
adj. （形容词） : degree
ad. （副词） : degree
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up
so long as we are still living.
人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations,
必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
(Condition 条件 )
病来如山倒， Sickness comes like an
病去如抽丝。 avalanche, but goes like reeling
silk.(Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折 )
我来他已去。 He had left when I arrived.
(Time Order 时间先后 )
他人老心 Although he has aged physically,
不老。 he remains young at heart.
(Concession 让步 )
 Contrast Between English and
Chinese
Chinese English
Meaning-focused Form-focused with
with emphasis on emphasis on
implicit coherence explicit cohesion
(隐性连贯 ) （显性联接）
Paratactic Hypotactic
语义型语言 形态型语言
(以意统形 ) (以形驭意 )
 Chinese: left-extending,
heavy-headed like a lion
……
 树
一棵树

 一棵大树
 一棵枝繁叶茂的大树
 校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树
 南昌大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树
 英雄城南昌大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树
 ……
 English: right-extending
heavy-tailed like a peacock
cat
the cat
This is the cat.
This is the cat that killed the rat.
This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the
malt.
This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the
malt that lay in the house.
This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the
malt that lay in the house that was built by
Jack.
 …
 Contrast Between English and
Chinese
Chinese English
Chinese: left-extending, English: right-extending
heavy-tailed like a
heavy-headed like a peacock
lion 孔雀型语言
狮子型语言
Chinese: bamboo-like sentence
structure （竹式结构）
1. 邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，
方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，架上驯骡，出
了西角门往东，过荣府正门，入一黑油漆大
门内，至仪门前，方下了车。 ( 《红楼梦》 )
2. 从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着家，这十户
人家全靠打鱼、种地 为生，生活十户人艰苦
，但很安宁。
Chinese: bamboo-like sentence
structure （竹式结构）

The chunks of a
sentence seem to be
connected and yet
separated, like
sections of a bamboo
linked by the joints
and yet relatively
independent and self-
contained.
English: tree-like sentence structure
（树式结构）

As a nation of gifted people

who comprise about one-
fourth of the total population
of the earth, China plays in
world affairs a role that can
only grow more important in
the years ahead.
-- Jimmy
 English: tree-like sentence
structure
（树式结构）

Trunk line: S + V + (O)

Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes
 Contrast Between English and
Chinese
Chinese English
bamboo-like sentence tree-like sentence
structure （竹式结构） structure （树式结构） with
with different sections different parts connected
like branches and sub-
linked and yet
branches to the trunk line
separated
Look at the sentence structures of the two
languages from another perspective:
 我的小孙子他很调皮。
My little grandson is very naughty.
 那所房子你们早该修了。
You should have repaired the house.
 英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。
It is by no means easy to learn the English
language.
 这里建大桥，我看行不通。
I don’t think it workable to build a bridge here.
 Compare the sentence
structures of the two languages
 我的小孙子他很调
:
• My little grandson is very
皮。 naughty.
 那所房子你们早该 • You should have repaired
修了。 the house.
 英语这门语言，学 • It is by no means easy to
会它可不容易。 learn the English
language.
 这里建大桥，我看 •
I don’t think it workable to
行不通。 build a bridge here.
Chinese Structure: English Structure:
Topic-Comment 话题 -评论 Subject-Predicate 主语 -谓
语
 Contrast Between English and
Chinese
Chinese English
Topic-Comment Subject-Predicate
Sentence Structure Sentence Structure
（话题 -评论结构） （主语 -谓语结构）

Topic-prominent Subject-prominent
Language Language
话题突出型语言 主语突出型语言
 Chinese Order of Linguistic
Elements
汉语语序（ 1 ）
Relatively fixed （相对固定）
Order of time （时间先后顺序）
 Words: 古今、先后、早晚、始终、老少、生死
 Idioms: 冬去春来、一呼百应、风平浪静
 Phrases: 进城卖菜、离家出走、去教室看书
 Sentences: 我们在美国读书的时候，结识了一
位木匠。有一天，木匠开车接我们去他家，路上
所谈，尽是木匠的事，深得其乐……
 Chinese Order of Linguistic
Elements
汉语语序（ 2 ）
Order of space （空间大小顺序）
 Words: 大小、宽窄、粗细、长短、厚薄、胖瘦
 Idioms: 大同小异、长话短说、厚古薄今
 Addresses: 中国上海康桥路 1500 号
 Sentences: 一到上海，我们首先想到浦东这片
改革、开放的热土。于是我们驾车来到陆家嘴金
融开发区，那节次鳞比、神态各异的摩天大楼令
人眼花缭乱。我们决定先登上东方明珠广播电视
塔……
 Chinese Order of Linguistic
Elements
汉语语序（ 3 ）
Order of importance （重轻顺序）
 Words: 天地、日月、国家、君臣、优劣、强弱
 Idioms: 国破家亡、优胜劣汰、恃强凌弱、一人
得道，鸡犬升天
 Phrases: 红色的圆木桌、圆形的红木桌、木制
的红圆桌
 Sentences: 我用这把刀切肉。
这把刀我用来切肉。
切肉我用这把刀。
 Chinese Order of Linguistic
Elements
汉语语序（ 4 ）
Order of logic <cause-effect,
condition-result> （逻辑顺序：因果
，条件 - 结果）
 志同道合，友谊才会持久。
 名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。
 天下雨，运动会延期了。
 他爱睡懒觉，考试难过关。
 English Order of Linguistic
Elements
英语语序
Relatively flexible order （语序相对
灵活） resulting from the use of
inflections and connectives
Phrases:
the Russian people, a pretty and clever girl
the people of Russia, a girl pretty and clever
the people living in Russia, a girl who is pretty and
the people who live in Russia clever
 English Order of Linguistic
Elements
英语语序
Relatively flexible order （语序相对灵
活） resultig from the use of
flections and connectives
Sentences:
志同道合，友谊才会持久。
Friendship will last only if it is based on a common goal.
Only if friendship is based on a common goal, it will last.
天下雨，运动会延期了。
The sports meet was postponed because of rain.
Because of rain, the sports meet was postponed.
 Please compare:
We saw many 我们看到很多住人的迹象
signs of occupation ，当漫步街头走过一个很
while strolling 大的棚户集中地，离中央
along a street past 大道不远。
a major
concentration of 我们漫步街头，在中央大
the huts not far 道附近发现了一个很大的
away from the 棚户区，有很多迹象表明
Central Avenue. 茅棚里还住了人。

Pay attention to Chinese order of time and space.

 Contrast Between English and
Chinese
1. Astonishment and even 他感到惊讶甚至恐惧。
horror oppressed him.
2. Excitement deprived 我兴奋得什么话都说不出
me of all power of 来。
utterance.
3. The sight of the big
tree always reminds
me of my childhood. 我一看到那棵大树就想起
了童年的情景。
 Contrast Between English and
Chinese

English : Chinese:
Impersonal Personal
( 物称 ) (人称 )
 Contrast Between English and
Chinese
1. They are paid for 他们拿钱就是干这事。
this.
2. The difficulties have 困难克服了，问题也解
been overcome, and 决了。
the problem solved.
3. Table tennis is
打乒乓球风靡中国。
played all over
China.
4. Why should all
these unpleasant 为什么总要把这些麻烦
jobs be pushed on 事推给我？
to me?
Contrast Between English and
Chinese
English : Chinese:
Passive Active
( 被动 ) ( 主动 )
 Contrast Between English and
Chinese
1. He was impressed by 他对邓小平的灵活态度印象
Deng Xiaoping’s 深刻。
flexibility.
2. Their eccentricity 他们的古怪行为常常令人皱
often makes you
眉。
frown.
3. We stepped onto the
mysterious land with 我们怀着谨慎和不安的心情
caution and 踏上了那片神秘的国土
uneasiness. 。
 Contrast Between English and
Chinese
English : Chinese:
Abstract Concrete
( 抽象） （具体）
 Don’t you think you can do
translation better when you know
the differences between the two
languages?

你是否从语言比较中获得有关翻译的启示？
 Conclusion 结论
Contrastive analysis facilitates
FL learning and translating.
对比分析有助于外语学习与翻译。
 Homework: Please translate the
following sentences:
 1.Not only  3. It never
politeness but an occurred to me
attitude of that she was so
reverence is dishonest.
demanded in
church. 
 4. My ignorance
 2. We will not has made a fool
attack unless we of myself.
are attacked.
 Please translate the following
sentences:
 5. However sly a fox  7. What they
may be, it is no wanted most was an
match for a good end of uncertainties.
hunter.
 8. The best solution
to the problem is to
 6. He has an conduct
unpleasant habit of
expressing investigation.
contradictory ideas
in rapid succession.
 Please translate the following
sentences:
 9. 在非洲我曾经遇到  10. 他常常干与别人的
过一个男孩，他痛哭流 私事，真恼人。
涕，很伤心。我问问他  11. 他不来，我就不去
，他说他已经两天没吃 。
东西，肚子饿极了。  12. 差之毫厘，谬以千
里。
 Reading Assignment

1. 连淑能， 2004 , 《英汉对比研究》北

京 : 高等教育出版社。
2. 刘宓庆， 2006, 《新编汉英对比与翻
译》北京 : 中国对外翻译出版公司。
3. 潘文国 .2004, 《汉英语对比纲要》北
京 : 北京语言大学出版社。